Index Number

CPI (Consumer price index) A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The CPI is a statistical estimate constructed using the prices of a sample of representative items whose prices are collected periodically. GDP deflator In economics, the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the level of prices of all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy.GDP stands for gross domestic product, the total value of all final goods and services produced within that economy during a specified period. WPI (whole sale price index) The abbreviation for Wholesale Price Index, which is an index of the prices paid by retail stores for the products they would ultimately resell to consumers. The Wholesale Price Index, abbreviated WPI, was the forerunner of the modern Producer Price Index (PPI). The WPI was first published in 1902, and was one of the more important economic indicat ors available to policy makers until it was replaced by the PPI in 1978.The change to Producer Price Index in 1978 reflected, as much as a name change, a change in focus of this index away from the limited wholesaler-to-retailer transaction to encompass all stages of production. While the WPI is no longer available, the family of producer price indexes provides a close counterpart in the Finished Goods Price Index. PPI – Producers price index Producers price index focuses on prices of goods and services that are received by the producer. This is different from the retail prices, which include shipping costs, taxes and other leviesSensitive Price Indicator (SPI) Sensitive Price Indicator (SPI) is designed to assess price movement of essential consumer items at short intervals (on weekly basis) so as to take corrective measures. Laspeyres . This compares the price of the old basket of goods for the old and new prices. Paasche . This compares the price of the new basket of goods for the old and new prices. variables| price| quantity| CPI| Fixed (Laspyere price index)| | GDP deflator| | Fixed| PPI| Fixed (Laspyere price index)| | SPI | Fixed (Laspyere price index)| | WPI| Fixed (Laspyere price index)| |

Qualities of Hr Manager

CASE STUDY Ans 1. -Education, job skills, experience and other competencies required for future human resource manager. * Credits in HR management. * HR and Sales experience. * To work as team leader. * Volunteer. * Result Oriented. * Good communication Skills. * Interpersonal Skills. * Competent. * Energetic. * Ability to work and deal with aggressive or strict boss. Ans 2. -All of the 4 candidates had strengths that others did not have . They all have good education, work experience but Michael Anderson has experience of 7 years and is â€Å"jack of all trades. Arthur has the best interpersonal skills and good knowledge of sales industry and can devote extra time to its position . Jane Reynolds is very competent, and is considered as the real mover and career oriented lady. Steven Robinson was the youngest among all the applicants and was full of energy and enthusiasm. Along with this, he was the only one with CHRP certificate and had good knowledge of IT and internet. Ans 3- I am partly satisfied with the selection process employed by the firm as it is a tough decision to approve any of the candidates because each have strengths that other don’t have.But making personal opinions for selection process, like Clark had a doubt about the wisdom of hiring a woman for the position or selecting Steven as he was an African-Canadian to improve company’s image of being insensitive to multicultural mosaic may result in biased selection decision. So if I would be the in charge of the selection process, I would have focussed more on the competent, career oriented behaviour of the candidates, rather than looking for all the aspects, the selection process should be more focused on the target of the firm or the expectations from the position.Ans 4-Among the candidates I believe Jane Reynolds would be most suitable for the position. As the firm management expect, the new person who is hired should be a mover and shaker, so Jane had been considered as a real â €Å"mover. † Along with this she also meets the qualification and experience requirement of the position. She don’t have a very high experience and is junior for the position but she can meet the challenges of her position, as she is a career minded lady and the position is waiting for energetic and result oriented person.

A Journey from HRM to SHRM Essay

The radical change taking place in the workplace and the work force has led to the dramatic evolution of traditional human resource management to strategic human resource management. The days of the strictly administrative human resource function are over. HR management must now be considered a critical strategic partner and must contribute to the overall objectives of the company. Strategic HR management is characterized by focusing more on strategic rather than operational issues. However, the administrative work must still be done efficiently. Strategic HR management involves making the function of managing people the most important priority in the organization, and integrating all human resource programs and policies within the framework of a company’s strategy. Strategic HR management recognizes that all decisions on finance, marketing, operations or technology are made by an organization’s people. Strategic HR management involves the development of a consistent, aligned collection of practices, programs, and policies to facilitate the achievement of the organization’s objectives. It considers the implications of corporate strategy for all HR systems within an organization by translating company objectives into specific people management systems. The most important consideration of strategic HR management is that there is no one best way to manage people. Therefore, the specific approach and processes will vary from organization to organization. It may even vary in an organization with clearly defined business units or functional areas. However, all HR programs and policies must be consistent and must therefore be integrated within a larger framework, leading to the facilitation of the organization’s vision and its objectives. Human resource management has been traditionally defined as the set of philosophies, processes and procedures a firm uses for the following four basic tasks: †¢ Managing the entry and exit process. The HR function has normally been responsible for recruiting people the organization would need in the future. Therefore, manpower forecasts are made and a corresponding plan is made. HR managers have also been involved in the exit or separation process. This is normally done by retirement or by having the employee fired. †¢ Managing the growth and development process. There are traditional HR tasks such as orientation or socialization, training and development, and performance appraisal. Processes are also designed so that employees understand the overall scope and direction of the organization. †¢ Managing the reward and recognition process. Rewards come through the administration of compensation and benefits, and recognition comes in the form of promotion, job assignments and rotation. However, the process of rewards and recognition includes the countermeasures of demotions and disciplinary action. Performance appraisal is also a critical input into the reward and recognition system. †¢ Managing the overall organization climate. In the highly competitive and rapidly changing business environment of today, it is necessary to foster a climate that challenges employees to better levels of performance. Of course, the organizational climate is not a variable to be managed or designed. However, it is necessary for all the organization’s processes and procedures, from its compliance with the law to its new strategic initiatives, to be aligned. In the shift from traditional HR to strategic HR, there are a number of issues which HR practitioners must contend with. The first is whether the main responsibility for people management programs should rest with staff specialists in the corporate HR department or with the line managers who are the ones most in contact with the workers. Traditional HR assumes the role of handling transactions as they arise. These may involve compliance with changing laws, rectifying problems between supervisors and subordinates, recruiting and screening applicants for current needs and basically responding to events after these happen. Strategic HR is much more transformational and realizes that the success for any initiative form growth, adaptation, or change within the organization are dependent upon the employees who utilize any change in technology or produce any changes in the organization’s product or service. HR, therefore, plays a transformational role by assisting the organization in identifying and meeting the larger challenges it faces in its external environment by ensuring that the internal mechanisms that facilitate change are in place. Traditional HR departments must, therefore, rethink, redefine and re-evaluate their roles. HR managers must learn to operate their departments more like a business. Businesses must have clear strategies, outcomes, products, services and structures to attain specific objectives which are aligned to the corporate objectives. HR practitioners must answer the following questions: †¢What is the HR strategy? Strategy defines how a business positions itself and allocates resources to products to deliver value to customers. An HR strategy articulates the purposes of HR within the firm, the deliverables or outcomes from HR work, and the services delivered by the HR department. †¢What are the products or services of HR? Many typologies of HR work exist to describe types of HR processes. The new HR typologies will identify new HR products or services required to meet changing business needs. Many of these new products will ensure the flow of intellectual capital and knowledge within a firm, while others will ensure the development of a new generation of leaders within a firm. †¢How should HR be organized to ensure that the strategy is executed? Increasingly, organizations are being defined less by structure and more by how capabilities are acquired and developed. The tremendous growth of outsourcing is clear evidence of this development. As HR functions articulate clear strategies, products or services, they identify the organizational choices that ensure that capabilities, even across organizational boundaries, meet strategic goals. It is clear that human resource management must operate strategically. The central idea behind strategic HR management is that all initiatives involving how people are managed need to be aligned with and in support of the organization’s overall strategy. No organization can expect to be successful if it has people management systems that are at odds with its vision. As a prerequisite for understanding how to strategically manage human resources, it is necessary to understand the process of strategic management.

The Devine Michelangelo and Rapheal A Mortal God videos criticism Essay

The Devine Michelangelo and Rapheal A Mortal God videos criticism - Essay Example In an effort to recreate and retell the stories of these two classical artists, BBC, in association with acclaimed directors like Bernard Hill and Sydney Kean, produced informative documentary films. These films are; Raphael – A Mortal God and The Devine Michelangelo. In 2004, BBC created a drama-documentary on the life and works of Raphael. Raphael – A Mortal God was directed by John Holdsworth. The film, which runs for 60 minutes, was released in January 2004. In the film, Bernard Hill takes the role of a background narrator. Among the key cast members include McKenna, acting as Pope Julius 2 and Joe McFadden acting as Raphael. The documentary is educational in nature (Weyant). It covers on the life and heydays of Raphael as one of the most colorful artists of Renaissance Italy. In order to enhance understanding, the documentary shows graphical representations of Raphael’s work. In addition, motion pictures depicting characters and scenes synonymous to those of Renaissance Rome are used. Personally, I think the documentary on Raphael – A Mortal God is successfully inspired. As an educational documentary, Raphael – A Mortal God captures a viewer’s attention through a recognizable conflict between the characters and the environmental context of the story. As a means of developing the dramatic curve of Raphael’s story, Bernard Hill takes a reserved stage and narrates events in a contrasting manner. For example, Raphael succeeded as an artist because he employed experimental techniques instead of adhering to conventional artistic techniques of renaissance art. In depicting Raphael’s conflict with conventional techniques of renaissance art, the film uses audio and visual medium in alienating the artist in respect to the background context (Weyant). Despite the documentary’s success in certain aspects, there is an apparent inadequacy in the use of motion pictures. In addition, the

US foreign policy towards Saddam Husseins Essay

US foreign policy towards Saddam Husseins - Essay Example One of the most controversial subjects in the world politics is the invasion of Iraq by United States. The invasion has resulted in considerable losses to both the countries and in fact has resulted in almost complete destruction of Iraq. This is necessary to understand the genuineness of the policies of United States. The present essay is intended to analyze the policies of US for Iraq, which finally resulted in the Invasion. The consequences of the war also would be analyzed based on these policies for interpreting the invasion based on these policies.Under these circumstances it would be ideal to analyze the relations United States had with Iraq before the invasion throughout the history of Iraq.The policy of United States over Persian Gulf is centered on the oil reserves. They also wanted to protect Israel and never had any close relations with Iraq (History of Iraq: Part III US-Iraq Relations, 2003). They always viewed Iraq with a hostile eye. During the Iran-Iraq war US sided I raq not because they had any interest in Iraq, but they were afraid of the Iranian revolution. Thus it could be seen that relation of US with Iraq was never a smooth one.As the economy of US progressed in great pace after the World War II, oil became their priority and wanted to strengthen relations with Middle East so as to protect the oil reserves. For this purpose they maintained a good relation with Iraq and even declared that the interest of Iraq is the same as that of US (Battle, 2003). But during 1950's as Iraq became friendly with Soviets, US turned against Iraq. US had good relations with other countries in Middle East like Saudi Arabia and Iran until the Iranian revolution also called Islamic revolution. This revolution by Muslims frightened US and therefore in the war that followed between Iran and Iraq, US stood with Iraq purely because they felt that Islamic revolution could pose a big danger for them. Although there were against the brutal tactics of Saddam Hussein, they did not have a choice (Background and history on Iraq, 2009). From the above facts it could be assumed that the relation that US has with Iraq was just an opportunistic one intended to get the provision of oil and they never had any common interest. Iraq started production and use of chemical weapons from early 1980's. United States was quite aware of this situation and they had even supplied raw materials for the production of the same secretly. Although almost all of the equipments, which Iraq used against Iran, were US made and were secretly shipped to Iraq by US, this fact is still regarded as a secret. Thus US played a game with Iraq by supporting it to make chemical weapons and then suddenly changed strategies against Iraq blaming them in front of the world, for production of the same weapons (Battle, 2003). This might be the reason why they were quite sure that there were chemical weapons in Iraq even when the inspectors from UN denied this fact (Background and history on Iraq, 2009). September 11 attack fuelled rivalry of US to Iraq. With this event US wanted to destruct all the forces that might poise danger for them, especially the strongest among the Muslim countries, Iraq. Several reasons had been proposed by US for its Iraq Invasion. The most important one is that US believed that Saddam, the arrogant President of Iraq, had great storage of Weapons for Mass Destruction (WMD). On their request United Nations appointed chemical weapon inspectors and Iraq co-operated with them resulting in destruction of all the weapons they had. The continued inspection by UN was denied by Iraq. But UN inspectors had already destroyed those weapons to almost nil (Background and history on Iraq, 2009). US could have believed the results of the inspection by US. But they denied believing because they wanted to destroy that country. Another reason proposed by US was that Iraq was hosting suicide bombers of Al Queida and was encouraging terrorism. But they did not have

Conflict Resolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conflict Resolution - Research Paper Example This paper attempts to explore some of these ideas pertaining to conflict resolution. Conflict resolution is ‘any marked reduction in social conflict as a result of conscious settlement of issues in dispute’ (Schellenberg 1996). This definition makes use of two terms: conflict and dispute. This implies that conflicts need to be resolved to the extent of resolving dispute-causing factors because dispute, which is disruptive and detrimental to an environment, is a product of conflict. Dispute is also tougher to handle and can lead to long-term ill-effects. Therefore, resolving conflict is necessary. Uncontrolled conflicts have a number of repercussions. In the workplace, these can lead to higher costs, wasted time and resources (Dana 2001), negative energy in the environment, lower morale and productivity. Apart from this, this causes frustration among employees who will feel compelled to take some rash action to dispel this frustration. Conflict needs to be managed through communication. Aggression, which is traditionally thought to aggravate conflicts, can be a great bargaining tool for conflict resolution (Aurelli & Waal 2000). For example, when two parties are arguing over a matter and a conflict has occurred, the threat of aggression ‘in the form of punishment’, say the writers, can precipitate resolution. Different cultures and different relationships have their own characteristic styles of conflict resolution. For example, in families or personal relationships, it is common that the group relies on a single person, who acts as an ‘expert’ (Ladd 2007), to make the decision for everyone based on his knowledge, age, experiences or position. In colleges and schools, informal conflicts are resolved by the girl or boy who has the strongest personality and takes the role of the expert over others; formal conflicts are resolved by the administration. In workplaces, conflicts are resolved based

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 -UK Essay

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 -UK - Essay Example   The aims of the Commission and the Executive, whose existence and functions derive from the 1974 Act, are to protect the health, safety and welfare of employees and to safeguard others, principally the public, who may be exposed to risks from work activities. The Act was intended:  - To make further provision for securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work;- To protect others against risks to health or safety in connection with the activities of persons at work;- To control the keeping and use and prevent the unlawful acquisition, possession and use of dangerous substances.   Measuring and Accounting for Corporate Health and Safety Performance,  seeking views on the case for improving approaches to measuring and accounting for corporate health and safety performance. This was circulated to ‘key players’ in the British ‘occupational health and safety system’ and was made available on www.rospa.co.uk. It examined performance measuremen t and reporting against the background of strategic policy development in occupational safety and health as raised in the Governments and the Health and Safety Commission’s plans for ‘Revitalising Health and Safety at Work’    and wider issues of holistic business risk management raised in guidance on the Turnbull Report. A lot of factors may in be in place preventing.  They were built and used at a time when regulatory requirements and operational priorities were very different from those of today.

Immigration in the UK Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Immigration in the UK - Dissertation Example Immigration in the United Kingdom has been rising at an unprecedented rate offering benefits and challenges to the government of the United Kingdom. The UK recognized the immigration laws and act by introducing the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962. Prior to this, people were free to move in the country without prosecution. Immigration issues came into the limelight during the tenure of the Labour Government that did not focus much on immigration issues and problems. Immigration was not limited and was expanding mainly on the economic grounds. People move to another country mainly because of professional opportunities and based on this notion, skilled labors without any job offer were allowed to migrate in the country, this created the pressure on the economy along with affecting the social environment in the form of creating a gap between the demand and supply factor. Immigration laws and regulations are ever changing and at present have drawn great attention from every corner of the social, business, and political environment making it one of the most important acts having direct influence over the social and political environment. The scope of the research can be considered as quite broad considering the fact that it assesses and investigates the immigration policies of the UK in a logical and systematic manner. Moreover, the research also investigates the immigration policies of other countries in the literature review to form an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of immigration.

Crime Seriousness Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime Seriousness Survey - Essay Example People from different fields, whether it is field of education, politics or some other field, have taken keen interest in determining the seriousness of crimes. These surveys have focused on determining the awareness of crime in general public. In this way they have been able to understand the psychology of different people in society about crime. Some of these surveys are based on asking views about criminal activities from local people and some are based on views from different countries. The different questions that may be asked from people could be about what they think of different crimes and what punishments would they have given if they had the authority to do so. From the answers obtained the surveyors determine seriousness of crime. However there is another issue that must be addressed to determine the seriousness of crime. This issue is of "the circumstances under which the crime took place". There is a big difference between "a crime for pleasure" and "a crime because of extremely harsh conditions". Many people would think that those who perform offensive activities for pleasure should be given greater punishment as compared to those who have done it because of some helpless conditions. The purpose of the surveys is usually to get the viewpoint of individuals as well as of whole society. The perception about seriousness of a crime varies from place to place. Each culture has its own rules and regulations and hence the punishment given against an offensive action may also vary from place to place. The research about determining the seriousness of crime is taking place for many years. ... Every society has its own moral values and religious beliefs, therefore it is a possibility that they may differ in view about which crime is a serious one and which is not. Among different kind of crimes, violent offences are considered to be the most dangerous and harmful. Many people argue that the general view of a society about seriousness of a crime is directly affected by the kind of a crime and by the frequency with which that crime has occurred. It is clear from different studies that the number and type of criminal activities taking place in a specified time period is consistent which means that these activities are undoubtedly occurring frequently. Usually to determine the danger of a crime, surveys are conducted among people living in same society but with different social status. These surveys may be between two altogether different societies. It may also be the cases that, survey of those people is conducted who have emigrated from one place to another. Thus they might be asked about how they feel about change in cultural values of two different countries. As laws and authorities differ from one place to another, immigrants might face problems as their acts might be right according to their own country but they might not be right according to laws and rules of the new country. Culture is something which describes the beliefs of people, their moral values,, their rules, laws and regulations and other practices that are developed by people to adjust in a society. Thus cultural values and society define the way in which people act and react to different situations. The way, the people react to a situation is dependent on what

What is Nursing Theory and why do we need it Article

What is Nursing Theory and why do we need it - Article Example It can also be a set of principles based on a subject (OAD 1980). When we put it together with the nursing field, theory is a set of ideas and principles by which a nurse determines how to view the patient and determine the best solution for the patient. However, there are a number of theories in nursing and all of them are relevant to some aspect of the nursing field and how one can make decisions. Ultimately, while these are meant to be meaningful and relevant, they must also be understood in how they affect the practice of nursing as well as aspects of nursing research, management and administration, and also in nursing education (McEwan and Wills 2010). Initially, nursing was considered more as a series of functions and tasks that were assigned initially by a doctor dictating what needed to be done to a patient, rather than a careful series of thought processes conducted by the nurse in regards to the state of the patient. As more people, usually women, became involved in nursing whether through a concentrated study of medicine, or through environmental circumstances (war), the idea of nursing became more of a career calling or profession which is now well-respected in nearly every community because of the good outcomes from what nurses do for society (McEwan and Wills 2010). It wasn’t until the 20th century that those in nursing began thinking more about the structures of the nursing profession and the principles behind how nurses operated and approached their work with patients. Hildegard Peplau was one of the first writers to publish her theory work Interpersonal Relations in Nursing in 1952. Her work was initially delayed because she was not publishing in conjunction with a medical practitioner which was standard at that time (Lakeman, 1999). This work was influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan’s theory of interpersonal relations

Course Project Rough Draft Essay Example for Free

Course Project Rough Draft Essay I have learned a lot in achieving goals, time preferences, and pathways of learning; analyze statements, types of thinking, reading and information literacy, bring something new to taking notes, explores types of memory, diversity, communication and stress management, managing money and reflections so I can be successful in my education. In this class I have been giving good tips on every aspect on criminal justice. It also makes me know that it is to learn all the important information in the class so I can success in my education. I am a Verbal-Linguistic and more of a reader/writer then visual person. I have learned all the ends and out of criminal justice. This class has benefited me in every aspect in my life. I am not only motivated to make a difference in the communities, but also motivated to join the ranks of a new family. I chose this path because I have always enjoyed the idea of solving situations. I can honestly say I can’t imagine myself doing anything else because I am extremely fascinated by the role and intensity of these fields. Just watching what it takes to do their job is remarkable. That’s why I love this class so much because it’s a learning process for me and my life. It makes my family so proud of me that I’m taking criminal justice and going forward with my education. So all I have to do is stay with it so I can success in this degree.

Culture Competency Essay Example for Free

Culture Competency Essay In the aspect of interacting with the global community, it is important for an individual to understand the cultural aspect of the subject society and relate to this factor in terms of their interactive business. As the aspect of culture manifest to be a significant part in the characteristics and qualities of each individual and collective society, understanding this identity factor is indeed important in the pursuit of establishing an effective interaction with the different people in the global community. In particular to the healthcare profession, the aspect of culture competency manifests to be an important concern in healthcare education as having the ability for interacting, understanding and relating to different cultures can effectively enhance the services rendered by healthcare professional. Indeed, the general concern of the healthcare profession is to render effective healthcare assistance and services to people of different culture thus, the global community is the main subject in this mission. In part though, cultural background resembles an important part in the personal identity of each person or patient thus, the healthcare profession must incorporate this in his or her pursuit of relating effectively the said matter for the benefit of the patient. In the actual practice of the healthcare profession, the concept of culture competency manifest particularly in the personal interaction between the healthcare professional and the patient. In this scenario, the two parties are often with different cultural background yet, in best effort, the health professional must overcome this difference in the process or realizing his or her responsibilities. For example, some of the common barriers are the language factor, the cultural awareness and acceptability, perception and understanding, and others. At some point, the healthcare professional must incorporate the cultural factor in the profile identity of the subject thus, adjusting his or her pursuit and interaction based on this element. Forwarding the healthcare service and assistance through relating it with the cultural background of the patient can effectively influence the understanding and acceptance of the subject in this pursuit. For example, acknowledging the cultural limitations and the preferences of the subject in his treatment and medication can indeed influence his acceptance towards the process. Through this approach, the healthcare practitioner can effectively motivate active participation and encourage interest from the patient towards the success of the treatment and the healthcare program. Due to the importance of culture competency, healthcare practitioner must assess and realize in themselves their individual strengths and weaknesses in this aspect and develop their flexibility towards the different cultures in the global community. In this aspect, the author of this paper realizes certain weaknesses in terms of cultural awareness due to the social limitations he has experienced in his upbringing. Raising from a rural town with a small community and having only experienced interacting with people from different culture during only college years, culture competency has developed late in this author as such it is important to focus much attention towards developing this skill. However, continuing the effort of developing social relationship with people from other cultures and building up academic information from researches and reading can indeed contribute in developing culture competency. With this effort, one can effectively develop awareness and understanding of various cultures and undermine cultural difference towards the mission of providing quality healthcare service towards the global community from different races and cultural society. Bibliography Zwell, Michael (2000). Creating a Culture of Competence. Wiley Publication. 1st Edition. ISBN-10: 0471350745.

Causes of the Collapse of the Weimar Republic

Causes of the Collapse of the Weimar Republic Collapse of the Weimar Republic To what extent can it be said that the Great Depression and the overburdening of the German welfare State were the main causes of the Collapse of the Weimar Republic? When considering the importance and extent to which the Great Depression and the overburdening of the German welfare state were the main causes of the collapse of the Weimar, it is necessary to assess other factors which also added to its failure. This essay intends to argue, the Great Depression and overburdening of the welfare state were prominent reasons in the latter stages of the Weimars collapse, they accelerated its failure in 1929 and by 1932 arguably the Weimar Republic was realistically unworkable. Despite this, the main cause of the collapse was the continuous poor economic state of Germany which hindered the success of democracy and finally resulted in the failure of the Weimar. The legacy of the First World War, the effects of the Treaty of Versailles and the 1923 hyperinflation crisis significantly worsened Germanys economic problems. The Great Depression and the overburdening of the welfare state derived from this constant financial strain that the government suffered under and eventually spiralled the situation out of control which proved unmanageable for the government. This created a cut back in support from those who were in favour of democracy and produced resentment amongst the radical Right and Left wing party members themselves. Finally, much attention will be given to the Weimars inability to deal with the crisis via unsuccessful decision making and the long term traditional attitudes of the elites within the government that were also highly important contributions to the collapse of the Weimar. Consequently with detrimental ongoing economic crisis and contributing political factors, the Weimar Republic was doomed from the outset[1], resulting in its collapse. Arguably the Great Depression and the overburdening of the welfare state played a vital role in the collapse of the Weimar but was not the main reason. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic crisis that began in the United States with the Wall Street Crash on October 29th, 1929. International trade, incomes, and profits plummeted. The Depression had massive repercussions on Germany as they relied on loans from America to facilitate their prosperity, pay off their reparations and revive their economy. Arguably the Depression was prominent in the very last stages of the Weimars life as it was not until after 1929, the economic outlook changed from gloomy to distinctly stormy[2]. The use of the word gloomy indicates that previous to the Depression, Germany was already struggling economically and thus this statement adds weight to the notion that the Depression acted as a catalyst to the eventual breakdown of the government. Furthermore, the outburst of the Depression in 1 929 had a disastrous impact on the German economy [3] as almost one third of German production was exported by 1920. However after this time, exports had decreased. As imports had fallen by two thirds, this had linkage effect on German workers as many lost their jobs between 1929-1933. Official figures in January in 1928 stood at 1,862,000 unemployed and by 1930 when the Depression had taken real effect in Germany, this increased to 3,218,000.[4] These statistics indicate that even before the Depression Germanys unemployment rate was high, thus Germany was in a financial crisis before the Depression and the Weimars reputation was already on the verge of failure. Although the government attempted to resolve the problem of unemployment for example, chancellor Heinrich Brunning who introduced a series of policies to deal with this fiscal crisis. He cut down wages, salaries and prices in an effort to restore confidence in the German financial and industrial system.[5] His efforts were unsuccessful and ineffective as subsequent to this by 1931 there were nearly 4.5 million people out of work, thus illustrating the Weimars inability to deal with the crisis contributing to its own collapse. This initiated further opposition and bitterness towards the Republic. Clearly the depression contributed to the Weimars unpopularity and more so its collapse. Additionally both liberal parties, the DVP(Germans People Party) and DDP (German Democrat Party) witnessed a decrease in votes during the 1930 election as much of their support rested on the middle class; these white collar workers with status, who were monetary advantageous to the average class man felt humiliated, betrayed and angry towards the Weimar Government.[6] Consequently faced with insoluble economic problems many people turned to force and coercion[7], (the Nazi party) in hope of a radical solution to their troubles. This strengthens the argument that economics was central to the collapse of the Weimar, the Depression added the final touches. Furthermore with large firms dependent on USA loans and German banks that also had taken out loans to invest in businesses, when the depression struck it destroyed the relative stability of the financial system and hence placed an overwhelming burden on the welfare state. The welfare States purpose was to provide benefits for the unemployed, pensioners and disabled. In 1927 the welfare state introduced the unemployment insurance Act. By 1929 as a result of the depression it was unable to provide unemployment insurance for the amount of unemployed people. Arguably these two factors were linked as without the Great Depression the welfa re state would not have suffered an overwhelming burden. This is evident as the percentage of unemployed supported by the unemployment insurance declined from 80 per cent at the beginning of 1929 (before the Depression) to 30 per cent in January 1932 when six million people were unemployed. The welfare states failure to deliver this unemployment Insurance during this crucial period reflected the weakness of the Weimar system itself. Henig agrees with the concept that the welfare state played a key role in the collapse of the Weimar arguing, ironically this major achievement of the unemployment insurance threatened to engulf the government in a major financial crisis.[8] Additionally as people expected a great deal from the welfare state, when these expectations were not met they became sour and anti-democratic.[9] On the other hand Bookbinder challenges this argument that economic crisis was the main reason to the Weimars failure proclaiming, in times of crisis such as the 1923 hyperinflation, these difficulties endangered the order and resilience of the Weimar but did not make the Republics failure inevitable.[10] However one may say the fact that these economic problems persistently occurred, suggests that this was the Weimars governments downfall and resulted in its failure; the Great Depression and overburdening of the welfare state were just the last straw. Evidently economic instability was the main reason of the Weimars collapse as the inflation problem was announced before the First World War had ended.[11] More so, on top of the colossal debt incurred from financing the war of around 150 milliard marks, Germany was even more devastated when they received their reparations bill of 6.600 million pounds.[12] With the country already in social and political ruin, the economic reparations ultimately destroyed the foundations of the Weimar. This proved too much for the Government to handle and by 1922 they declared themselves unable to make payments.[13] Additionally due to heavy taxation which, was also an effect of inflation meant students, pensioners and people with savings lost all their money; thus the governments status deteriorated amongst these groups.[14] Even more, German agriculture was fiancially tarnished as farmers suffered from the fatiguing effort to supply Germany during the war and by 1920 they were experiencing low crop yields and diminished number of livestock.[15] Heavy industrial owners were also financially effected as they witnessed a decline in their profits and what is more they were a vital part of the anti- republican bloc and made life difficult for the republic.[16] Peukart also holds economics responsible for the main cause of collapse arguing, these problems hindered the new Republic from guaranteeing their survival.[17] Post-war inflation further affected German political parties, for example the liberal parties who struggled to afford paper and stamps by 1920 and suffered extreme financial difficulties.[18] The First World War deteriorated the economic situation in Germany even more, as Weitz argues, the legacy of World War One was the republics greatest obstacle. It hobbled developments at every turn and gave the enemies of democracy endless rounds of ammunition.[19]Bookbinder strengthens this opinion stating, before the war Germany was a strong nation producing 13.1 million tons of pig iron and 13 million tons of steel. Arguably it was there involvement in the war which initiated their national debt and an inflated currency.[20] Germanys decision to finance the war through borrowing money instead of increasing taxations accelerated their economic downturn even more , this programme of war financing precipitated the monitory inflation which was to continue through to 1923.[21] Subsequently wages increased but for some people this did not match the increase in the cost of their living.[22] White collar workers, who in pre war years had great prestige, were now experiencing economic har dship due to the war and inflation.[23] The Treaty of Versailles was also a result of the First World War and had disastrous impact on the German economy contributing to the Weimars failure. The government accepted responsibility of the war and signed the War Guilt Clause (article 231), this encouraged social unrest in Germany and resentment especially amongst the Right wing nationalists. Mckenzie claims that Versailles presented the Nationalists with a persuasive pretext for mounting the blame of Germanys troubles on the Republic, they felt betrayed and stabbed in the back[24]. During this time, the fact that the Weimar was a newly established democracy meant it was vulnerable and under threat. It is important to remember that for a newly established democracy to survive, it must have the support of the people in especially in turbulent the most times. However the Weimar government lacked this assistance as Mommsen notes, German people did not really support democracy from the beginning, instead they viewed it as the onl y possible outcome for the new state. [25] On the other hand it could be argued that German people were in favour of democracy but lacked the principle foundations of it, as many envisioned a progressive reform of their previous monarch system. Never the less it is clear that the Weimar was never whole heartedly supported even before it came into practice. Additionally Right wing groups also attacked democracy mainly because of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, because their members were incredibly powerful being were highly integrated into the major institutions of state, society, business, civil service, army, universities and churches.[26] This highlights a flaw in the Weimar government, because the coalition parties were not united with a common goal this was proved difficult to implement policies and deal with opponents. Attacks from the Left wing radicals also endangered democracy. In January 1919 an attempt was made from the Left wing group, the Spartacuss who attempted to overthrow the government, however this was crushed by the army and the Freikorps. Although the Weimar did survive these attacks, arguably these uprisings only failed not because these opposition groups lacked clear aims and an alternative system. Even more the economic burden created by the Treaty, made continued reforms and tax policies difficult.[27] Thus Germany was now economically weaker then previously in 1914 as they had increased national debts, inflated currency and reparation stood at the value of 132 billion marks.[28] On the other hand Hobsbawm disagrees with the view that the radical Right wing oppositions came about due to the resentment of the Treaty of Versailles and states, The rise of radical Right after the First World War, was undoubtedly a response to the danger.of social revolution and working class power in general, to the October revolution and Leninism in particular. Without these, there would have been no fascism[29]. Despite this, it is evident that the Right wing movements were an outcome of the First World War. Hyperinflation in 1923 another crucial disaster brought the inflationary situation to its final crisis phase[30]. The economic effects of the occupation were catastrophic. Kolb also agrees with this opinion describing it as a miracle[31] the Weimar survived. However, chancellor Stresemann rescued Germany and introduced new currency and borrowed loans from America to facilitate Germanys finances, following on from this it could be argued that the German economy did experienc e a period of prosperity. However the solution was temporary and one that depended on international loans.[32] Again reflecting a grave decision made by the government as having provided a permanent solution, this would have prevented the severity Great Depressions impact on Germany. Stresemann himself described this period of affluence as dancing on a volcano[33] , this exemplifies that too was aware that depending on American loans was risky. Still in 1929 when the Depression hit, Germany was once again faced with economic problems. Economic historian Borchhardt believes that even without the occurrence of the Depression Germanys economy was abnormal and would not have been able to continue in the same way.[34]This reinforcing the view that economics was the main cause of the collapse of the Weimar. Clearly, the Weimar governments failure to take firm action played a vital role to the collapse of the Weimar. This is particularly evident with invasion of the Ruhr, as previous to this the SPD (Social Democrat Party) had the backing of the working class who were protected from the inflation via trade unions and also the support of large landowners who were able to pay of their debts which if made the efficient decisions could have excelled on this support. However in 1923 their misguided efforts to print money steered them in to hyperinflation. Hinton and Hite strengthen this argument claiming, although some of the problems were beyond Germanys power to control, the collapse came about due to the Weimars weak policies and lack of decisive action.[35] Consequently endless economic disasters became too unmanageable for the government to keep combating, as with any government this repeated economic crises would too inevitably lead to their failure. Another equally significant factor w hich contributed to the collapse of the Weimar Republic, was the traditional attitudes of the ruling elites and a lack of bureaucratic culture. Furthermore because democracy was introduced the most inauspicious circumstances[36] , the old elites such as the DVP and the DNVP ( German National Peoples Party) were monarchs at heart and never fully fledged their support to the Republic or the notion of democracy [37] , consequently they wanted a reversion back to the old system. However the KPD (communist party) and the NSDAP (The Nazi Party) was determined to unify the people of Germany. Germany had always been an imperialist country and headed by constitutional monarch, this meant the long term values of democracy were deficient in order for the Weimar to be successful. Subsequently by 1930 there was a powerful current of opinion in Germany demanding a more authoritarian government.[38] The elites could not regard the new republic as a rightful descendant to the pre-war imperial regim e,[39] thus if the ruling class were not in favour democracy how was the rest of the country going to support it? The Weimar was unable to accomplish unconditional support of these traditional elites such as the Junkers and army officers.[40] Kocka reinforces this notion and believes the failure of the Weimar was due to the bourgeoisie who seemed relatively weak and unbourgeois .[41] Consequently with the combination of old and new political forces present in the government, this halted the triumph of democracy. In conclusion it is clear that economics was the foremost reason to why the Weimar collapsed as even before the Great Depression which was followed by the overburdening of the welfare state, Germany was constantly faced with financial constraints that was caused by the damage of the First World War, this meant straight away the Weimar was forced to introduce a new democratic way of life in the most unpromising conditions. Even more, the reparations of the Treaty of Versailles and the exacerbated the governments financial pressures, thus resulting in a decline of support of the Weimar and the rise of radical Right and Left wing parties which threatened democracy. Lastly the major hyper inflation crisis in 1923 meant money completely lost its value, subsequently as demand rapidly decreased many people lost their jobs. However the introduction of a new currency and loans form the America temporarily revitalised their economy. Yet when the depression hit, America could no longer assist t hem and as Germany had no money of its own to aid its finances, this resulted in the unemployment of six million people. This placed a overwhelming burden on the welfare state and led to severe poverty as by 1932 people who had worn out their entitlement to state benefit and were thrown on the streets to beg for food.[42] The Depression tore apart the fragile political compromise that the Weimar had made via the welfare state and placed an enormous burden on to it. No doubt, the actions of the government themselves contributed to their own downfall as incremental thoughtlessness decisions decreased their popularity and status amongst Germany. Alongside this attribute lies the ruling elites for example the DNVP as their failure to support the vulnerable democratic meant the regime itself lacked confidence. Together these were a vital contribution to the collapse of the Weimar Republic. It is evident t .hat economic hurdles occurred throughout the Weimars life and led to abnormalities within the system and eventually its collapse. This concludes me to suggest that the Weimar Republic itself was the special path that Germany followed (the Sonderweg), as this failed experiment of democracy ultimately caused Germany to propel towards the Nazi regime. BIBLIOGRAPGHY: Hobsbawm .E, The Age of Extremes 1919-1941 (London 1995) Baldeston .T, The Origins and Course of the German Economic Crisis, (Berlin, 1993) Jones .L, German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar party system, 1918-1933, (Chapel Hill, 1988), Kocka .J, Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The case of the German Sonderweg, History and theory, 38, (1999), p.40-50 Henig. R, The Weimar Republic 1919-1933 (London, 1998) Mckenzie P. R. J,Weimar Germany 1918-1933 (London 1971) Bookbinder . P, Weimar Germany, The Republic of the Reasonable, (Manchester, 1996) Weitz E.D, Weimar Germany Promise and Tradgedy, (New Jersey 2007) Hidden .J, The Weimar Republic 2nd Edition (London 1969) Hinton .C and Hite . J , Weimar and Nazi Germany, (London, 2001), Kolb .E The Weimar Republic, Second Edition (New York, 2005) Childs .D, Germany Since 1918, (London 1971) Stachura .D P (ed.), Unemployment and the Great depression in Germany, (London, 1986) Mazower. M, Dark Continent, (London, 1999) Evan. J. R, and Geary D (eds), The German Unemployed, (London, 1987) To what extent can it be said that the Great Depression and the overburdening of the German welfare State were the main causes of the Collapse of the Weimar Republic? [1] Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.78 [2]Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.61 [3] P. Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, The Republic of the Reasonable, (Manchester, 1996), p.178 [4] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p. 174 [5] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p. 146 [6] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p. 167 [7] E. Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes,(London, 1995), p.136 [8] Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.60 [9] J. Kocka, Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The case of the German Sonderweg, History and theory, 38, (1999), p 46 [10] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p. 161 [11] J. Hidden, The Weimar Republic 2nd Edition (London 1969)p.30 [12] Hidden, The Weimar, p.30 [13] Hidden, The Weimar, p.31 [14] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p.166 [15] Hidden, The Weimar, p. 34 [16] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p. 171 [17] Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.83 [18] L. Jones, German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar party system, 1918-1933, (Chapel Hill, 1988), p. 165. [19] E. D. Weitz, Weimar Germany Promise and Tradgedy, (New Jersey 2007)p.127 [20] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p.163 [21] Bookbinder:164 [22] Bookbinder: 164 [23]Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p. 166 [24] J. R. P. Mckenzie,Weimar Germany 1918-1933 (London 1971)p.71 [25] Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.78 [26] Weitz, Weimar Germany Promise and Tradgedy, p92 [27] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p.164 [28] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p.164 [29] E. Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes 1919-1941 (London 1995)p.124 [30] Bookbinder, Weimar Germany, p.167 [31] E. Kolb, The Weimar Republic, Second Edition, (New York, 2005), p.35 [32] Hidden, The Weimar, p.32 [33] C. Hinton and J. Hite, Weimar and Nazi Germany, (London, 2001), p.74 [34]C. Hinton and J. Hite, Weimar and Nazi Germany, p.75. [35] Hinton and John , Weimar and Nazi Germany, p.103. [36] Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.78 [37] Weitz, Weimar Germany Promise and Tradgedy, p.92 [38] Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.62 [39] Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.79 [40] Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.84 [41] Kocka, Assymetrical Histroical Comparison, p. 42 [42] Henig, The Weimar Republic, p.67

Macbeth Notes :: essays research papers

Macbeth - Macbeth is a Scottish general and the thane of Glamis who is led to wicked thoughts by the prophecies of the three witches, especially after their prophecy that he will be made thane of Cawdor comes true. Macbeth is a brave soldier and a powerful man, but he is not a virtuous one. He is easily tempted into murder to fulfill his ambitions to the throne, and once he commits his first crime and is crowned king of Scotland, he embarks on further atrocities with increasing ease. Ultimately, Macbeth proves himself better suited to the battlefield than to political intrigue, because he lacks the skills necessary to rule without being a tyrant. His response to every problem is violence and murder. Unlike Shakespeare's great villains, such as Iago in Othello and Richard III in Richard III, Macbeth is never comfortable in his role as a criminal. He is unable to bear the psychic consequences of his atrocities. Click here for In-Depth Analysis. Lady Macbeth - Macbeth's wife, a deeply ambitious woman who lusts for power and position. Early in the play she seems to be the stronger and more ruthless of the two, as she urges her husband to kill Duncan and seize the crown. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls victim to guilt and madness to an even greater degree than her husband. Her conscience affects her to such an extent that she eventually commits suicide. Interestingly, she and Macbeth are presented as being deeply in love, and many of Lady Macbeth's speeches imply that her influence over her husband is primarily sexual. Their joint alienation from the world, occasioned by their partnership in crime, seems to strengthen the attachment that they feel to one another. Click here for In-Depth Analysis. The Three Witches - Three "black and midnight hags" who plot mischief against Macbeth using charms, spells, and prophecies. Their predictions prompt him to murder Duncan, to order the deaths of Banquo and his son, and to blindly believe in his own immortality. The play leaves the witches' true identity unclear—aside from the fact that they are servants of Hecate, we know little about their place in the cosmos. In some ways they resemble the mythological Fates, who impersonally wove the threads of human destiny. They clearly take a perverse delight in using their knowledge of the future to toy with and destroy human beings.

Comparing Knowledge and Power for Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Jekyll :: comparison compare contrast essays

Knowledge is Power for Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Jekyll Living in the 21st century is very exciting. The ever-changing world of technology is proof of that alone.   Still, if you examined the last 20 years of history you would find examples of enormous changes in technology and the use of power in our world.   The Cold War came to an end resulting in the fall of the Soviet Union, and the crumbling of the Berlin Wall are examples.   Looking beyond the last 20 years we have seen wars come and go, governments topple, economies change, and the assassination of world leaders.   Power can be an enormous thing.   If used right it can have an overwhelming positive influence.   Used incorrectly it can have disastrous effects. Science and technology has advanced like never before.   We have seen new medical vaccines to cure such horrific ailments as Polio, Small Pox, and further progression in the fight on AIDS.   Medical procedures have advanced also, incorporating the use of science and technology to perform difficult surgical procedures, and other complicated calculations.   The Human Genome is another exciting advancement.   Creating a human road map and having the understanding of how and why things happen is invaluable.   Just imagine walking into the Hospital and in exchange for a drop of blood you would receive information about what ailments you will see in your lifetime, what disease you might die of, and when.   This kind of study has advanced our interest in cloning.   With such successes as Dolly the sheep, and human embryo testing, scientist have seen enough success to continue advancing this exciting new field. Advancements like these in science and technology have to begin somewhere. Wielding this kind of power in the 21st century begins with a certain type of individual. A person like this probably has some characteristics of the fictional characters being studied in the 19th century.   Power can be more than just form of knowledge, and control; it can be a way of life.   Characters such as Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Henry Jekyll are proof of this.   Two individuals, who would seem so different, are more alike then one might think.   The similarities between the two are undeniable.   Both Characters are from England and from roughly the same period. The two characters may live differently but require the same fulfillment.   First you have Dr. Jekyll whose a pillar of his community, a well-regarded man of wealth and proper upbringing, the host of many social functions, competitive, and is described as " a large, well made, smooth faced man of fifty, with something of a stylish cast" (12).

Character Development in Edward Abbeys The Monkey Wrench Gang Essay

Character Development in Edward Abbey's The Monkey Wrench Gang    Search and Rescue, Utah State Police, and Bishops of the Church of Latter-Day Saints chase a group of bridge destroying, billboard burning, bulldozer mutilating eco-terrorists through the desert of the Southwest. The group known as the Monkey Wrench Gang consists of four very different characters: Seldom Seen Smith, also known as Joseph Smith, George Washington Hayduke, Doctor A. K. Sarvis, and Bonnie Abbzug. Each character has his own opinion of why nature needs to be saved. The group decides to make their mark on nature by "taking care" of the different machines, roads and bridges that are destroying it. With all the destruction the gang is causing, being caught is expected. However, the gang narrowly escapes the law numerous times. After finally giving in to the pressures of being good citizens and serving time in jail for destroying public property, the gang reunites for their final destructive mission: Glen Canyon Dam. Edward Abbey, author of The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975), uses language, appearances, actions and opinions to make each character likable to the conservative reader. Abbey uses his strong feelings about the beauty of the Southwest to shape the opinions of each of his characters. Doc Sarvis, a medical surgeon from Albuquerque, has no strong or lasting relationships. "His few close friends were always sent away, returning rarely, the bonds of affection no stronger than the web of correspondence" (12-13). Doc?s closest friend, and coworker, is Ms. Bonnie Abbzug. Doc and Bonnie spend most of their downtime destroying billboards with economic meanings, because "Somebody has to do it" (43). Such billboards worthy of destruction read "Marine Corps bu... ...ng nurse on the right buttock and shambled on shaky hind legs out the side door up the alleyway . . . into the padded darkness of the nearest bar" (213). With Smith being the logical member of the gang, "he listens with the concentrated intensity of a buck in hunting season" (337). When he finally hears something, "he stops. Suddenly. Doc, Bonnie and Hayduke stumble into his rear like the Three Stooges, three clowns in a silent movie" (336). While reading The Monkey Wrench Gang, many images appear in one?s mind. The uses of Edward Abbey?s skill of developing characters through language, appearance, actions and opinions make this novel more enjoyable to read. The shaping of each character persuades the reader to believe that, "Oh my desert, yours is the only death I cannot bear." Work Cited Abbey, Edward. The Monkey Wrench Gang. 1975. New York: Avon Books.

Comment on the poetic devices Essay

I am going to study two poems based on conflict. The first poem is â€Å"Belfast Confetti† by Ciarà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n Carson and the second poem is â€Å"Slough† written by John Betjeman.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœBelfast Confetti’  From what I understand, Carson comes from an Irish background and possibly used to be a local reporter. His attitude to conflict is that he feels war and conflict is confusing, so by associating with something he understands he can relate to, for example: ‘journalism’, he uses punctuation to explain the confusion in the riot. Belfast Confetti is a poem, which is from when Carson was a journalist in Belfast. It is a bleak picture of modern society and it’s about when he became stuck in the middle of a riot – It describes how Carson runs down alleys to escape but is always trapped. He compares the riot, an unknown experience, to journalism a familiar experience. This is done by metaphorically describing the explosions, gunfire, and thrown missiles, linking them to punctuation and he describes it and his feelings to the reader.  Carson also experiences an explosion while in the riot and is unfortunately deeply affected by the explosion-he loses his sense of identity because of what happens and he feels confused and disorientated. The poet doesn’t actually mention whether he thinks the bombing is right or wrong, which is refreshing in a time when everyone has an opinion about the freedom of Ireland from England. However, the title is confusing, making the reader think that this is going to be about celebrations, but it in fact, turns out to be about a bomb.  The first stanza describes the riot as Carson remembers the events, and the sheer violence comes tumbling out.  As soon as the poem begins, the reader is hit in an urgent, dynamic fashion.  Ã¢â‚¬ Suddenly, as the riot started†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This creates a sense of panic and causes the reader to explore the possibilities about why the riot squad has been involved in action. It also sets the tone for the rest of the poem. In the second line, we see an exhaustive rush of words, which is describing about a car exploding. The poet finds it impossible to shape the sentence together. This may possibly be because he is distressed on recalling the event.  Ã¢â‚¬ Nuts, bolts, nails, car-keys.†Ã‚  We see some use of onomatopoeia in the poem between ‘fire’ and ‘stuttering’.  Ã¢â‚¬ This hyphenated line, a burst of rapid fire†¦I was trying to complete a sentence in  my head, but it kept stuttering.† The letters ‘t’ and ‘f’ are onomatopoeic. Here, he (the poet) shows confusion and difficulty in expressing himself. The use of punctuation words means that there is a running theme through out the poem.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"raining exclamation marks†¦an asterisk on the map†¦hyphenated line†¦punctuated†¦with stops and colons†¦a fusillade of question marks†.  A meaning that could be taken from this is that sentences are one of a few things that differ us from animals. The fact that he was â€Å"trying to complete a sentence in his head† speaks volumes about his state of mind at the time.  Also, the actual use of punctuation in the poem slows the poem down so that the reader can reflect on what has happened but the full stops also represent gunfire and a dead end to for-fill his achievement -unable to escape anywhere. †Every move is punctuated. Crimea Street. Dead end again†Ã‚  In the second stanza, in the second last line, the poet inserts an empty line. He has done this to emphasise his disorientation and confusion from the bomb/explosion.  It is also rather odd that the poet has used question marks in the poem, as a good poem shouldn’t need to have unanswered questions at the end. These specific question marks are used for effect and also mean that he doesn’t have to formulate an opinion about what’s happening, an opinion that could upset those around him. They also allow the reader to make up their own opinion. †My name? Where am I coming from? Where am I going?†Ã‚  By saying â€Å"Saracen, Kremlin-2 mesh. Makrolon face-shields. Walkie-talkies†, he gives the reader an inhuman picture of the army by depicting it as a collection of military equipment, intimidating in its coldness. The actual sound of the line too with the predominant consonant â€Å"k† and heavily fragmented lines contribute to this effect.  Also, I think that when Carson says â€Å"Balaclava, Raglan, Inkerman, Odessa Street- why can’t I escape?† he is unsure of an area that he knows because of everything that is happening. This maybe because the memories of the incident haunt the writer as he struggles to explain the events. He is also, maybe unintentionally, dropping names as freely as confetti.

Closing Case Study One

Closing Case Study One Information Systems in Enterprise (ISYS – 3001 – 3) Group B Participants-Matthew Gilliss, Arlene Gulley, Renee Hicks Kemara Mcintyre, and Andrew Ginn Walden University February 10, 2013 Abstract This will be a paper that has been a group effort with Matthew Gilliss (organizer and website account setup, homepage and student webpage template), Arlene Gulley (editor/poster), Renee Hicks (compiler), Kemara Mcintyre (summary), and Andrew Ginn (editor). The URL of our website is http://faboulousgroupb. weebly. com/.Our goal will be to respond to specifics questions in regards to two case studies; the first, being Ben & Jerry and secondly, Bigelow Teas. Ben & Jerry’s produce 190,000 pints of ice cream and frozen yogurt daily. It has 50,000 stores in the United States and 12 other countries. The company uses an Oracle database and BusinessObjects for tracking of business operations. They perform various transformation steps to organize long term go als for the business. It prepares strategies to stay line with technological advances.They have applied this technology to storing and manufacturing ice cream with energy efficiency warehouses. This new strategy enhances customer satisfaction, minimize inventory, and reduce manpower. (Haag & Cummings, 2009). Closing Case Study One Question #1 To redesign Ben & Jerry’s data warehouse the dimensions of information include frozen yogurt, ice cream, merchandise, locations, sales and shipping. This company should track all the different types of ice cream and yogurt flavors.They should also monitor these areas with the highest and lowest sales to make adjustments to save money. There should be information gathered on the merchandise being sold by Ben & Jerry. Ben & Jerry will monitor sales from stores in other locations ensuring the right merchandise is being shipped to the right location. The different dimensions are merchandise and locations. (Haag & Cummings, 2009). Question #2 When looking at Ben & Jerry’s ice cream stores, they would have to have a record of the different types of ice cream and frozen yogurt they offer.Along with the different products they would have to be able to track individual sales, the dates of those sales, and the store locations where the sale was made. When looking at primary keys you can see that the store number, order number and truck number could be primary keys. When looking for foreign keys to connect with the primary keys, you can see that store numbers, truck numbers, and order numbers can all be seen to be foreign keys. These are important because they would allow for Ben & Jerry’s to locate the exact order files of what they shipped, who drove it and where it went.Also then they could take the primary keys even farther and connect directly to the store and get other feedback that is directly correlated with the store. (Haag & Cummings, 2009). Question #3 Because of their familiarity of Microsoft Excel, it was easier to learn Business Objects and they were more inclined to learn the new way of using the Business Objects. They were able to substitute different functions on the Business Objects with Microsoft Excel, which created a more familiarity to them and they were able to be more comfortable with the task.Because of the area of their job, they were required to use spreadsheets, rather than using word processing software. (Haag & Cummings, 2009). Question #4 Bigelow Teas could continue to use Business Objects and they cooperate with each other so they can better understand its in-house and outside strengths and weaknesses. Bigelow Teas should make sure that their suppliers and resellers are part of the information partnership. This would allow the suppliers and resellers to be in contact with each other and to make the necessary adjustments or changes that are required. Haag & Cummings, 2009). According to (Haag & Cummings, 2009), â€Å"business intelligence is collective infor mation –about customers, your competitors, your partners, your competitive environments, and your own internal operations—that gives you the ability to make effective, important, and often strategic business decisions. † (p. 87). Bigelow Teas’ would not want their suppliers or resellers to know about their strategic business decisions. (Haag & Cummings, 2009).There might be a person who is a supplier or reseller who might take this information and use it for themselves and/or sell the information for a profit. The suppliers and resellers should only have information that will help Bigelow Teas in regards to implementing cost reduction, and be helpful with their resources. Question #5 Neil Hastie’s belief that most organizations decision making is a lot of trial by error. In a sense that could be true, but good decision making comes from the top and makes it way down.Let’s not lose sight on what decision making really is; finding a logical cho ice of decisions from available options. A CEO or even management of any kind of organization would have to be good at decision making. If you were to turn Neil’s statement about decision making into a positive one, then one would agree that an organization or whoever is running the organization would need to keep an open-mind. Keeping an open-mind would include training, presenting timely information and everyone’s wide assortment of data-mining tools. Haag & Cummings, 2009). Conclusion This assignment was both a learning experience and growing experience. As a group we were able to come together and tackle our case study and the creation of our group webpage. We were able to look at the information about the two companies and use the knowledge that we have acquired with the class discussions and assignments and come up with responses to each question. We were able to: determine what tables and files that Ben & Jerry’s should use and what primary and foreign ke ys they should use.With Bigelow Teas we took a look at personal productivity software tools and how best they could open up business intelligence with buyers and suppliers. Also we were able to take a general statement made and turn it into one that could be used in the everyday business world. Overall, this experience allowed the members of the group to get closer looks into different industries and allowed the group members to use the information that we have acquired so far in our studies. Reference Haag, S. , & Cummings, M. (2009). Information Systems Essentials. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Editorial Analysis Essay

1. An Argument is Addressed to a Specific Audience at a Particular Time Recently two farms in Iowa had to perform a massive recall in eggs due to a salmonella poisoning from contaminated feed. The poisoning has caused the two companies to recall more than half a billion eggs, and has made about 1,500 people ill. Now, the companies are claiming that they are committed to safety and that it is up to the consumer of the eggs to fully cook the eggs before eating. This argument is addressed to egg consumers raising awareness that farm CEO’s are overlooking safety procedures due to their cost. The editorial addresses the FDA of having a poor history of inspecting food providers, and ignoring what they find. Anyone purchasing not only eggs but food from normally trusted farms is included in the editorials audience portion. Argument Wants Something From Its Audience This article does not specially call its audience to action, however it does raise awareness in its readers. The article reminds its readers of other slip-up’s from the FDA’s poor inspection quality and limited action to reduce the occurrences of poisoning. The article suggests that broader vaccination of chickens would help the issue as well as a food safety bill. An Argument Gives Its Audience Reasons for What it Wants Brought up in the article are several other examples of overlooked issues causing harm on citizens due to financial cutbacks or careless inspection. The explosion of a well in the Gulf of Mexico killing 11, an explosion of another mine in West Virginia killing 29, and the Peanut Corp. of America killing nine and sickening 700 are all reasons for the audience to be aware of what is happening in â€Å"trusted† companies and for action to be taken within the FDA and the companies themselves regarding safety. Not All the Reasons Are Stated Openly. The writer here assumes that the reader has been following the recent poisonings and harm to citizens due to poor inspection, and never calls the reader to any specific action. He only provides a recent history of what has happened, then proposes a list of solutions. He never blatantly says that if we do not rise to action more and more people will die. He lets the reader figure that out through his facts and data. The audience must complete the argument for the arguer based on the facts provided. Arguments Are Supported by Calling on Readers’ Attitudes and Feelings By providing so many examples of sickness and death, the article allows the reader to experience many negative emotions towards the neglect of the safety of companies that it supports its own argument within the reader. The reader will become concerned with the safety of him/herself, as well as his/her family and form the opinion in favor of the writer. 6. The Source of the Argument Matters USA today is a well-known and highly read paper not only by American citizens but by international ones as well. Many people with families read the paper, therefore making it appropriate to address to its audience. Everyone who reads this paper also consumes food, also providing the perfect audience. The source is highly credible through the paper and it also provides a link to the opposing argument, illustrating that the paper is not biased. A Counterargument is Always in the Background Provided on the page are links to information and articles regarding the counterargument that the farms are committed to safety and that it is up to the consumer to cook the eggs fully before eating. Any claim regarding the FDA or CEO’s inspecting their farms and companies provides a counterargument.

My Inspiration

All throughout life, we come across people who, in the course of our mingling with them, become an inspiration to us because of different reasons. He or she could be a parent, relative, a friend, a neighbor, teacher, or anybody who we deal with on a daily basis. In my case, the person who serves as my inspiration is my next door neighbor. My parents are both very busy working in order to provide our family's daily needs. So raising me was a bit of a predicament for them. As luck would have it, we have a next door neighbor who is a motherly soul. She came forward and volunteered to keep an eye on me while my parents were at work. She does not have any children of her own and as far back as I could remember, spends most of her time in her home tending to her garden. She is like a second mother to me.   My parents were so glad to leave me with her because she made sure to instill discipline and values in the child left in her care. She says that I am the child she never had. She is proud of me just like my parents are. I am so close to her that sometimes, my mom gets jealous because I ask our neighbor for her opinion on anything I want to do. What my parents do not know is that this neighbor of ours was there for me at a very trying time in my life. When I was being bullied and failing my subjects in school. She helped me realize my potential as a student and learn to respect myself as a human being. Since I would come over to her house directly after school, she spent her afternoons tutoring me and helping me with my other schoolwork. Even when I was at my dumbest and when my parents had given up on me learning the task at hand, she always supported me and told me that I could do it. I just needed to figure out how I could accomplish things in a way that made me comfortable. Each time, I would amaze my parents because of what I was able to accomplish. My life is going great right now. I like the person I have grown up to be and I know that I can accomplish more, as I grow older. All of this is because of the unconditional, inspirational support my next door neighbor gave and continues to give me.    My Inspiration All throughout life, we come across people who, in the course of our mingling with them, become an inspiration to us because of different reasons. He or she could be a parent, relative, a friend, a neighbor, teacher, or anybody who we deal with on a daily basis. In my case, the person who serves as my inspiration is my next door neighbor. My parents are both very busy working in order to provide our family's daily needs. So raising me was a bit of a predicament for them. As luck would have it, we have a next door neighbor who is a motherly soul. She came forward and volunteered to keep an eye on me while my parents were at work. She does not have any children of her own and as far back as I could remember, spends most of her time in her home tending to her garden. She is like a second mother to me.   My parents were so glad to leave me with her because she made sure to instill discipline and values in the child left in her care. She says that I am the child she never had. She is proud of me just like my parents are. I am so close to her that sometimes, my mom gets jealous because I ask our neighbor for her opinion on anything I want to do. What my parents do not know is that this neighbor of ours was there for me at a very trying time in my life. When I was being bullied and failing my subjects in school. She helped me realize my potential as a student and learn to respect myself as a human being. Since I would come over to her house directly after school, she spent her afternoons tutoring me and helping me with my other schoolwork. Even when I was at my dumbest and when my parents had given up on me learning the task at hand, she always supported me and told me that I could do it. I just needed to figure out how I could accomplish things in a way that made me comfortable. Each time, I would amaze my parents because of what I was able to accomplish. My life is going great right now. I like the person I have grown up to be and I know that I can accomplish more, as I grow older. All of this is because of the unconditional, inspirational support my next door neighbor gave and continues to give me.   

Management and leadership development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Management and leadership development - Essay Example From these definitions, it can be gathered that the primary traits of leadership includes development of a vision and aligning it with the personal interests of the followers. However, Hughes and Beatty (2011) argued that present scenario leadership includes motivation, strength, empowering, understanding the pros and cons, decision making and implementations. The scope leadership has magnified with the changes in the needs of the people and organizations. The theme statement of the essay reflected above signifies the changes in the leadership process in context of developing participative and democratic leadership. This statement will be analysed on the basis of corporate leadership, this essay will focus on the leadership of former CEO of American Automobile Company Ford, Alan Mulally, to examine the statement of Mahatma Gandhi. Adair (2010) noted that application of traditional leadership processes and theories have reduced in the business operations because of the complex influence of external forces and changes in the governing factors of business. Burkholder (2009) mentioned that as organisations have shifted their focus on profit generation to sustainable growth and development, the process of managing the internal functions and external relations have also changed. Davis (2011) highlighted beginning from the personality era of leadership, the traits of being a successful leader has changed regularly. For instance, during the Great Man Period, reformers believed that following the characters and traits of successful leaders can build the character of a potential leader. However, Edd (2011) criticised that the traits of leaders differ along with the situations and their vision and hence the personality leadership concepts were not a sustainable solution. The first form of participative leadership was de veloped with the influential era of leadership where

A Child Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Child Study - Essay Example However, Ahmed’s verbal skills are limited since English is not his first language and the use of Arabic at home has limited Ahmed’s verbal development of the English language. In order to administer Piaget’s test for understanding other’s points of view, I observed Ahmed during his play time. At the start of my observations, Ahmed was reclusive and was not open to the idea of sharing with other children. This was evidenced by Ahmed’s habit of taking toys and retreating to a corner to play on his own without showing any concern for other children. Over time, as Ahmed was exposed to the other children through his daily interactions with them, Ahmed started becoming more and more open to other children. Initially, Ahmed was only willing to accept his own self and would tend to walk away with his toys if some other child came close by. Over time, Ahmed developed enough tolerance to allow other children to come close by and sit while Ahmed played on his own. Ahmed only allowed other children to play with him when he realised that he would have to consistently interact with these children for a period longer than that in the nursery. Essentially, this signifies that Ahmed began to realise that other children had a point of view of playing with the toys that Ahmed had. It could be surmised that this indicates a development in that the child is more willing to accept other children’s points of views as evidenced by Piaget’s research (Rogoff, 2003).

Loyalty Scheme in the Airline Sector Research Proposal

Loyalty Scheme in the Airline Sector - Research Proposal Example Today, over one million people are enrolled in loyalty programs to receive free upgrades, travels, and favorable treatment in return for being potential or frequent clients. Indeed, loyalty schemes have been a powerful tool to convert first-time clients to frequent and potential clients. In the airline industry, customer loyalty schemes seek to retain and acquire clients, boost customer spending habits, and boost the purchase of additional goods and services. Additionally, the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program has promoted growth in this industry. CSR programs have increased growth and profitability in the sense that, companies have embraced the fact that they have an ethical and moral obligation in addition to their actual roles of attaining profits and complying with laws and regulations. With this, this pamphlet seeks to discuss how loyalty scheme and CSR has operated in the airline industry and affected business and other stakeholders. In the 21st century, successful airlines companies have integrated loyalty schemes to address and boost customer relationship and interactions. This strategy has enabled most companies to develop marketing and promotion campaigns that augment growth and profitability (Li-Wei & Chung-Yu 2012, p40). Loyalty schemes are an effective way to boost customer-retention levels. By increasing customer retention, the industry has grown tremendously. As the business world becomes competitive, the industry has recognized the need to reward the most valued customers. As a result, this has enhanced profitability and converted new clients to potential and frequent clients. Â  The industry has implemented various programs such as discount, rebate, and points program. Often, consumers receive instant discounts when shopping, and in turn, this increases their spending habits. Discount programs create a platform where consumers enjoy favorable prices and impact the industry’s growth. Rebate prog rams have played a significant role in increasing consumers’ spending. Basically, consumers accrue benefits from their purchases and receive their profit after a given span of time. This increases consumers’ spending in that, many accumulate financial benefits from the company’s programs. Points programs have augmented growth in the industry. Often, consumers obtain points from buying goods and services and thereafter they obtain discounted or free goods and services. In so doing, this increases sales and revenues and retain potential and frequent clients.

Nursing critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing critique - Essay Example The major concepts of the theory center on the environment, nursing, health, and the person. Fundamentally, nursing care focuses on the patients, and the environment mediates an individual’s health. Hence, nursing care should assist a patient to complete self-care. Thus, nurses have the responsibility to assess patients’ ability to provide self-care, as well as, determine the environmental context with the intent of overcoming the health-related limitations. Environment can affect the delivery of quality health care according to Orem’s theory. The Self-Care Deficit Theory originated from Orem’s quest of working towards the goal of improving the quality of nursing, especially in the general health care facilities within her state. Typically, the dissatisfaction, as well as, the concern of lack of organizing a framework for nursing knowledge influenced Orem to come up with the theory (Fawcett, 2001). Orem indicated that many concept models from medicine, sociology, and psychology were the basis of the curriculum in the majority of the nursing education programs. Orem cited the blatant absence of specification, agreement, and fundamental elements that offered guidelines for the identification of nursing problems and organization of knowledge to support her theory (De & Anderson, 2008). Orem formulated the ideas of the theory after she interacted intensively with the nurses in their profession for a considerable time when offering her expertise consultation in Indiana State Board of Health (Fawcett, 2001). The exposure led to Orem to conclude that nursing entailed thinking and communication. Hence, questions centering on the responsibilities of nurses as practitioners of nursing, the reason they offer care, and the results of their work formed the basis for the development of the theory. The theory is useful in practice as it provides it details the ways of meeting the

Social Constructionism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Social Constructionism - Research Paper Example It is strongly argued that social constructionism is directly responsible for the â€Å"critical† status given to modern social psychology. Gough & McFadden site four main fundamental ideals within social constructionism, which may also be applied to critical social psychology. First of all, the individual is always (and already) existent and located within society. Secondly, the individual is always situated within systems of difference and inequality within society to some extent. Thirdly, power within society is frequently associated with language and presentation. Finally, research should aim to challenge oppression and promote social change. Gough and McFadden believe that ‘the first and crucial point to make is that social constructionism represents a ‘turn to language’ in social theory.’ Therefore the representation, meaning and interpretation of events are what form the key elements comprising the social constructionists agenda whilst simultan eously providing a basis for critical social psychology. Since the introduction of the social constructionist theory, the main attention of critical social psychology has become focussed upon breaking down and studying differing accounts of everyday social activity.Social learning suggests that aggression is something that is learned and acquired by the self through direct experience or simply by observing the behaviour of others (modelling). Using these methods, the self assimilates the ability to seek appropriate occasions to exercise this particular character trait.

Hypothesis Testing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Hypothesis Testing - Assignment Example The null hypothesis is simple a statement that indicates that nothing is happening to the population. It shows that there is no relationship or difference in the population and the underlying facts still hold true. The alternative hypothesis on the other hand is a statement that indicates that something is happening to the population. It clearly shows that there is a difference or relationship in the population under study. Parametric tests estimate population parameters such as the mean while the nonparametric tests on the other hand help in the ranking and ordering of observations and data (Christensen and Johnson, 2011). It is very important that a choice be made between the use parametric and nonparametric tests. If there is sufficient evidence to ascertain that there is normal distribution in the population then it is appropriate to us parametric tests. When the population does not have a normal distribution then it will be appropriate to use nonparametric tests. A good example of a parametric test is the ANOVA while that of the nonparametric test is the Kruskal Wallis (Vogt,

Marketing the Visual Arts in the Media Assignment

Marketing the Visual Arts in the Media - Assignment Example The essay is like a wakeup call for promoters of artworks and artists in India. It calls for the need to organize many such conclaves and establish art museums across the country to bring the meaning of art into the public. The importance of establishment of art museums is highlighted by an article written by Mr.Ranvir Shaw (Ranvir Shaw: "For the sake of arts", Magazine Section, The Hindu, Sunday, March 08th, 2009) in a recent news edition of The Hindu (see Appendix # 3). Finally the article concludes by stating the relevance and appropriateness of the conclave. On 20Th of March, 2009 a huge conclave named as "Selvedged Voices: Women's narrative art work textiles from India and Chile" will be launched in Chennai. The main reason behind the conclave is to bring into focus Chilean arpilerras (see Appendix # 4), "Kathwas" (see Appendix # 5), "Sujunis" of Bihari women artists and "Santhal" women artists of India. The exhibition is aimed at attracting connoisseurs of creative and visual art and creating demand for art forms of this sort. Also it is the fond hope of the organizers of the exhibition and the artists of both Chile and India that the exhibition will indeed help in promotion of their art works helping them in earning a decent amount of revenue and provide reasonable exposure for those beautiful art forms. Selvedged Voices" (see Appendix # 6) are beautiful, narrative tapestries and art works which basically portray the life style of people of Kathwas, Sujinis and the Santhals. The reason why these art forms gain such prominence is because they speak about the traditional life styles of tribal people in the aforesaid regions. Soon these traditions and art forms may cease to exist unless preserved and encouraged to survive. One of the participants in the exhibition is an organization called as Kalaraksha. Kalaraksha's lovely paintings present topics which are a true connoisseur's delight. They bring to life concepts such as preservation of water by the tribal people, devastation caused by a violent earth quake. Done in soft and vibrant pinks and lilacs these panels speak of the touch of tribal art sense, ability and creative skills. Similarly another organization from West Bengal is exhibiting beautiful and elegant Kantha embroidery narrative sketch panels, known for their use of lace work, color sense dexterous use of beads and velvet. These panels are known for pictures of tales from epics such as Ramayana or Mahabharata. Finally the essay concludes by looking at the possibility of the exhibition to achieve its objectives. The Need for the exhibition: "Selvedged Voices", the exhibition is being sponsored by the ministry of culture by the Government of India and curated by Dr.Skye Morrison, an internationally acclaimed authority on Santhal and Sujuni art forms. Santhal art forms of Bihar and Sujuni art works of Jharkhand are desperately in need of encouragement. These art works belong to the lower and weaker

Do we need government If so, what should be its role Essay

Do we need government If so, what should be its role - Essay Example The most significant part of the economy stability is the Fiscal responsibility. Debts of the government can easily be an economy burden and make its foundations weak. Sound microeconomic policies improve the government credibility and strengthen the institutions of politics. Therefore, the government has a responsibility in stabilizing the economy. Government acts as policymakers in the role of gaining a stable economic environment for growth in economics. It defends and enforces property rights, maintain currency stability and give an oversight assurance to private citizens on accountability of their transaction partners. Therefore, it allows the participants in the market to start placing their resources again to work in most beneficial areas (Atkinson, 1997). The economy performs with a massive and increasing the amount of regulation. The appointed regulators introduce price controls mainly in most utilities like electricity, telecommunication and gas (Barr, 2004). Economists of free markets criticize the control scales in the economy saying that it forms unnecessary costs burdens for businesses. Therefore, regulation can impose new competition in the market. For example, attempt to impose competition for the British Telecom. President Barack Obama responsibility on Fiscal last February showed his understanding on the need of Fiscal discipline. The president’s proposed budget and Congress enactment of Reinvestment Act and the American recovery make the goal of a budget that is sustainable (Geoft, 2013). It also addresses long-termed nation’s fiscal priorities like liabilities entitlement, even vaguer. The government controls the country debt deficit to stabilize the economy. Large deficit can lead to instability of prices and inflation if it finances the deficit through printing money. Inflation is as a result of depreciation of the currency that makes goods from foreign countries more expensive. Hence, it results to

Conceptual framework Essay Example for Free

Conceptual framework Essay The table1 below shows that the theories for the adoption and diffusion of an IT-based innovation. Scholar name: Theory name 1. Rogers (1983, 1995) Innovation diffusion theory 2. Moore and benbasat (1991) Perceived characteristics of innovation 3. Davis (1989) Technology acceptance model 4. K won and Zmud (1987) Diffusion/ implementation model 5. Fishbein and Ajzen’s (1975) Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Table1 2, a list of innovation adoption theories. Davis developed the technology acceptance model in 1989. It aims to explain the determinants of computer acceptance in general the capability of the user’s behavior across a broad range of end-user computing technologies and user populations, while being parsimonious and theoretically justified (Davis 1989). The theory includes several theoretical backgrounds like adoption of innovations, the cost-benefit paradigm, expectancy theory, and self-efficacy theory. At the core of the theory is the model proposed by Davis, which focuses on the perceived usefulness of technology and perceived ease of use, which plays a significant influence in adopting innovation. Figure 1. Davis Technology Acceptance Model Davis’ TAM originated from the Fishbein and Ajzen’s Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model (Davis, 1989). The TRA model aims â€Å"to explain a broader range of behaviors based on situation specific combinations of personal beliefs and attitudes, and the effects of beliefs of others close to the individual† (Szajna, 1996). The discussion and limitation of the theories A limitation has been found for using those theories is that â€Å"according to the research, there are only the Innovation diffusion theory (Roger, 1995) and Diffusion/ implementation model (K won and Zmud, 1987) predict the both of an individual’s adoption behavior and an organization’s adoption behavior. † (Anand Jeyaraj, Joseph W Rottam, Mary C Lacity). The others theories predict only an individual’s adoption behavior. In another words, the TAM and TRA only exam the innovation adoption from the individual blogger perspective. However, to eliminate the limitation, the author will choose using with the DOI theory together in order to deeply analyze the both innovation adoption by individual bloggers and organizations. Diffusion and Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory 1995 Diffusion is the process in which and innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. It is a special type of communication, in that the messages are concerned with new ideas (Rogers 1995, 5). In his works, Rogers discusses diffusion as the transfer of innovations through different media in a specific time and into different members of the social system. He also defines communication, an important and critical part of the diffusion of innovations. He defines communication in the diffusion of innovations as a process in which participants create and share information with one another in order to reach a mutual understanding. This definition implies that communication is a process of convergence (or divergence) as two or more individuals exchange information in order to move toward each other (or apart) in meanings that they give to certain events (Rogers 1995, 6). Communication is a very important factor in the diffusion of innovations, it is a medium which must be perceived as a two way process rather as a one-way linear act, since in the diffusion of innovations, those who are yet to accept the innovations must be well adept and informed about the innovation. Blogging is a form of innovation which involves the interaction of a whole social system in the dynamic cyberspace. Corporate blog is seen as a communication method which involves the interaction of two or more individuals or even a whole social system. Diffusion is a special type of communication in which the messages are about a new idea. This newness of the idea in the message content gives diffusion its special character (Rogers 1995, 6). From these statements come new concepts such as newness, uncertainty, and information in the context of diffusion. While uncertainty is the degree to which a number of alternatives are perceived with respect to the occurrence of an event and the relative probability of alternatives. Uncertainty implies a lack of predictability, of structure, and of information. Rogers (1995) cites Rogers and Kincaid (1981) in the discussion of Information in the context of diffusion. Wherein, Information is a difference in matter-energy that affects uncertainty in a situation where a choice exists among a set of alternatives. Advances in technology, embodies information and reduces uncertainty about cause-effect relationships in problem solving. Technology is information put into use in order to carry out some task (Rogers et. al. 1999, 689) As technological advances are the major factors diffused, studies have also been conducted in relation to technological transfers which is much related to the diffusion of innovations. Technology transfer is the application of information into use (Rogers 1995). As defined, technological transfer is the application of theoretical innovations into applied inputs and outputs which may be used for both commercialized and not commercialized produce or services, wherein consumers or corporations benefit. The information that is transferred results from research that is conducted, perhaps in order for it to be applied to the development and commercialization of new or improved products or services that are sold in the marketplace by private companies (Matkin 1990). The process of technological transfer involves an interaction between the corporation and the corresponding stakeholders which benefit or which are affected by the corporation. Thus the suggestions in Rogers’ theory that there must be clear coordination through communication should be applied as reinforced by Williams and Gibson. The technology transfer process usually involves communication between (1) a source of technology that possesses specialized technical skills, and (2) receptors who do not possess these specialized skills and who cannot create the technology themselves (Williams Gibson 1990). Which is basically corresponding to the logical flow that technology is basically transferred to those who are not well adept to the advanced technology. A technology is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involve in achieving a desired outcome (Rogers 1995, 13). Technology often has two aspects, one is the hardware aspect and the second is the software aspect. The hardware aspect consists of a tool that embodies the technology as a material or physical object (Rogers 1995, 13). The hardware aspect often comes as the solid part of the technology, as in the case of the computer, the hardware aspect is the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse the central processing unit, semiconductors etc. The software aspect consists of the information base for the tool (Rogers 1995, 6). The software aspect is then composed of the tools which enable the hardware to pursue its functions. As in the case of the computer, the software aspect is the codes, programs, commands, instructions, manuals, etc. Contrary to the common perception that the hardware is mostly is technology since it is normal for humans to think only of things which they can see and hold – yet technology may be purely the software aspect or may entirely be composed only of information which is new and considerably helpful than the current design and functions of normal practices. Examples of these technologies which may be composed of pure information are political ideologies such as Marxism and Maoism; and or religious beliefs and ideas such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, etc. Corporate blog may be attributed to the software part, as there is no solid hardware present, but the computers and other equipments. It is an easy way to make organizations adopt to innovations, such technology existed for quite sometime yet there are yet a few corporations who did not join the trend of corporate blogging. Everett Rogers conceptualized the Diffusion of innovation theory in 1995. In this theory, Rogers (1995) points out that the acceptance of an innovation depends upon certain qualities as perceived by the audience. These qualities are the relative advantage of the innovation, its compatibility with existing values and practices, its simplicity and ease of use, its trialability, and its observable results. Relative advantage is the degree an innovation is perceived as a better idea than its preceding innovations. This quality is measured in economic terms, social prestige, convenience and satisfaction (Robinson, no date). Robinson further stresses that â€Å"the greater the perceived relative advantage of an innovation, the more rapid its rate of adoption is likely to be†. Compatibility with existing values and practices is concerned with the consistency of the innovation to the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters. If an idea is perceived to be incompatible with existing values and practices of a social system, it is less likely to be adopted. Simplicity and ease of use is the adopter’s perception on the difficulty of the innovation to understand and use. The simpler the innovation, the more rapid its rate of adoption will be. Trialability is the degree an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis (Robinson, no date). Trialability of an innovation reduces the potential adopter’s uncertainties about the innovation. Observable result is the degree to which an adopter sees the results of an innovation. The more visible the result is, the more likely individuals will adopt it. These are the factors that must be considered in order to create a successful innovation. In summary, innovations simply with more relative advantages, greater compatibility, trialability, observability, and less complexity will gain a higher rate of adoption. There are four main elements in the Diffusion of Innovations as identified by Rogers (1995), these are (1) Innovation, (2), Channels, (3) Time, and (4) social system. As defined earlier, Rogers (1995, 11) defines diffusion as the process by which (1) and innovation (2) is communicated through certain channels (3) over time (4) among the members of the social system. Innovations. An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by and individual or other unit of adoption. I matters little, so far as human behavior is concerned, whether or not an idea is â€Å"objectively† new as measured by the lapse of time since its first use or discovery (Rogers 1995, 12). As Rogers (1995, 12) stresses, it should be assumed that the diffusion and adoption of all innovations are necessarily desirable. The attributes of innovations are namely, (1) Relative advantage, (2) Compatibility, (3) Complexity, (4) Trialability, and (5) Observability. Rogers (1997, 2) discussed each of the five attributes; Relative advantage is the degree to which innovation is perceived as better than the idea it supercedes. Individuals evaluate new ideas in relationship to the ideas with which they are familiar; compatibility as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as similar to the individual’s past experiences, values and beliefs; Complexity as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as difficult to understand and use; Trialability as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as divisible by the individual for purposes of gaining personal experience with it; and observability as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as highly visible to others.