The Trial Difference Of Gender - 946 Words

The Trial: Difference of Gender There are myriads of differences when it comes to gender within the trial of Thomas and Jane Weir. Women were usually domestic workers within the household and society, doing jobs such as child-rearing, weaving, and roles of mother, sister, daughter, wife and caretaker in the community. Men were either seen as the husbands of the female witchcraft users or someone of an intense authority figure. â€Å"Sir Andrew Ramsay, Lord Abbotshall then Provost of Edinburgh† were all men with high statuses within the community in Edinburgh in which Thomas lived. Women during the time of witchcraft in Scotland came to be connected with the Devil by possession . Most men did not have carnal knowledge of the work of the Devil himself but rather with a female witch who has the connection to the Devil. Since women were seen as the prominent members of the witchcraft community, there can possibly be multiple differences between the testimony and charges laid again st Jane and Thomas Weir. Thomas was charged with incest, adultery, fornications and bestiality because he laid with his sister and multiple people within the community in which he lives. His sister, Jane, was connected in the incest with her brother, and was also thoroughly prosecuted for sorcery which has an equal if not worse punishment than Thomas’ crimes. â€Å"She is also [indicted] of [Sorceries] committed by her when she lived and [kept] a school at Dalkeith. That she took employment from a Woman to speakShow MoreRelatedWater Temperature Impacts The Locomotive Activity Of Hemigrapsus Oregonensis887 Words   |  4 Pagesof  Hemigrapsus oregonensis. 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A simple Mental Rotation Test (MRT) was designed to test the spatial abilitiesRead MoreSex Between Children s Toys Of Non Human Primates ( Cereopithecus Aethiops Sabaeus )1473 Words   |  6 PagesSex differences in response to children s toys in non-human primates (cereopithecus aethiops sabaeus) The study of sex difference in toys boys and girls tend to play wit, has always been classified as gender socialization. According to researchers such as, Connor and Serbin, 1977; Liss, 1981, the explained that boys favour construction and transportation toys, while girls favour doll. Research also shows that boys do tend to be more active (Campbell and Eaton, 1999; Eaton and Enns, 1986) and showRead MoreAaron Hernandez Murder Trial1099 Words   |  5 Pages Results The mean attitudinal sore of all 25 respondents towards the Aaron Hernandez murder trial was 71. As can be seen in Table 2 below, this mean falls in the undecided category. The sample standard deviation of the scores was 11.74. The distribution of the 25 scores is seen as well. The two most frequently scored categories are undecided and unfavorable. The category with the fewest respondent is favorable. TABLE 2: Distribution of Scores Attitude Categories Score Range Frequency VeryRead MoreWhat Role Does Jury Service Play?1436 Words   |  6 Pagesexclusion of a juror on the grounds of race, gender, religion or sexual orientation affect a defendant’s right to an impartial trial? By Swaleha Bhula In today’s modern and culturally changing American society, the jury plays a crucial role in our democracy. Jury service allows defendants to exercise their right to a fair and impartial trial. However, in recent years there have been incidents where jurors have been excluded on the grounds of race, gender, religion and sexual orientation. TheseRead MoreEssay On False Memory1409 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences. Due to human’s making up false memories, this experiment demonstrates accurate memory versus inaccurate and related memory across participant’s gender, age or educational level. To test this memory process, the dependent variable is the difference in memory (accurate/related/inaccurate) and the independent variable is age, gender and education level of participants. A sequence of basic words is presented and participants must classify the words that were shown on the list. Method ParticipantsRead MoreJudges On Trial : A Reexamination Of Judicial Race And Gender Effects Across Modes Of Conviction1044 Words   |  5 Pages Judges on Trial: A Reexamination of Judicial Race and Gender Effects Across Modes of Conviction By Brian D. Johnson Purpose: The purpose of the article is to examine the issues with data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing that has been strengthened to include information on sentencing judges and criminal court contexts, and it argues that the mode of conviction shapes the focus of sentencing discretion in ways that systematically underestimate judge effects for pooled estimatesRead MoreAssignment 6: Exercise and Cardiopulmonary Physiology Lab Report1319 Words   |  6 Pagespulse, MAP and blood pressure, and respiratory rate could be because on average men have an overall higher normal blood pressure than women. Also, I would assume that a reason women have a longer recovery time than men could be due to hormonal differences. Factors not recorded that could have affected outcomes of the experiment could be that the sample size and distribution, human error of calculation, and mechanical error. 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Market Structure Simulation Free Essays

Market Structure Simulation Quasar Computers When industries are selling similar products this makes up market structure. I will be discussing economic profit that Quasar computer is able to make. The market structure is made of the following pure monopoly, pure competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Structure Simulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the simulation I learn about pricing and non pricing strategies and understanding the diverse market structure. Quasar put out a new first all-optical notebook that is called Neutron. Quasar had to come with strategy regarding price and gain profit while having the only notebook on the market and monopolizing. To give a basic overview we Quasar set the price at $2,550 per notebook to create a place and so that marginal cost will equal to marginal revenue. In 2004 Quasar Computers had to review the advertising. The recommendation was $500 million. My price was $2,450, total cost 13. 29, total revenue 15. 1 and total profit was 1. 82. Due to the new lunch, David thought it would be a good idea to upgrade production. Jane thinks we should improve on the areas that we had major losses. Quasar Computers would need to sell more than over $500 million to make a profit and the Neutron would have to be priced higher. In 2006 competition arrises and we have to lower our prices, work on brand building to make sure we can keep our gain from Orin Technolgies since the company gain 50% of the market in notebooks. Orin Technologies is now in the same industry as Quasar and we are no longer monopolizing but Oligopoly. I think Quasar was a bit caught off guard. They had to think fast before competition became an issue. Quasar had to make decision quick if they should invest more funds into the marketing if they wanted to sell notebooks and reach out to a larger base of consumers or work on research and development. If Quasar wanted to success they had to stop and think about what infficiences they had and not expect to sell the same amount of quantity. Also during the time Orin came in the demand Neutron was sloping down and which increasing any price would just have consumer not buying any of their products. For Quasar to be sucesseful they have to focus on affordable but yet quality technology to remain in the game. Quasar how to reinvent technology and make their notebook fun and consumer entertained. Reference Geoff, R. (2006) Retrieved from http://tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-macroeconomic-policy. html U. S. Department of Commerce. (November 23, 2011). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved from http://www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/pi/pinewsrelease. htm McConnell, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. U. S Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2011, November 22). Personal Income and Outlay. Retrieved November 27, 2011 http://www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease. htm Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2011, February 3). The Economic Outlook and Macroeconomic Policy. Retrieved November 27, 2011 How to cite Market Structure Simulation, Papers

Impact of Globalisation on Value Chain Political Stability

Question: Working individually to evaluate the impact of globalisation on the value chain. Please see the following details: While globalisation has been a major driver of industry economics for the last few decades, it does not explain all of the pressures and challenges facing companies in the early 21st century general changes in industry structure and competition, the rapid rate of technological and cultural change, the need for environmental sustainability and changes in demographics have also had huge impacts. The growth in global sourcing and supply often levels the playing field for adding worldwide value. Companies need at least to consider, if not implement, global value chains as their predominant mode of business. The reality of globalisation and the accompanying increase in competition has forced most companies into making efficient gains. Value chain structures are essentially virtual organisations with flexibility to meet changes in customer value expectation and in the way in which value is delivered. Evaluate the impact of globalisation on the value chain based upon your own experience and the knowledge you gained from reading the required resources. Support and justify your evaluation of the impact of globalisation on the value chain by including information related to: competitive advantage considerations financial considerations , technological considerations. human resource considerations , cultural considerations , political and economic considerations corporate social responsibility considerations references should be at least 15 . please read the uploaded file carefully and the marking rubrics. Answer: Introduction Globalization refers to a process where companies, people, and government integrate and interact through international trade and investment initiated by current technology. Michael Porter, on the other hand, defines value chains as a model where business access raw materials, enhance value to the raw materials through several methods to create a final product that will meet the consumers expectations (Gereffi et al., 2001, p56). Most firms conduct value chain analysis to be more competitive in the global market. However, globalization has largely impacted the value chain analysis of different transnational companies across the world. Therefore, it is advisable that companies consider specific measures in handling issues that are affected by globalization within the organization Impact of Globalisation on Value Chains Competitive Advantage One of the effects of globalization on businesses is that it increases competition. Companies have been able to increase their operations locally due to E-marketing. Moreover, organizations can venture into new international markets. This not only enhances the level of competition locally but also on an international scale. However, globalization gives firms a platform for increasing their competitive advantage. According to Michael Porter, one of the ways a business can improve their standard of competition is through product differentiation (Cho, 2013, p45). Marketers can research on the consumer needs and specifications to develop diverse products that meet the various requirements of the market. Another strategy that globalization favors is cost differentiation and leadership. Companies can reduce operational costs, such as distribution and transportation expenses through online marketing. Moreover, they purchase raw materials and other essential resources from regions and countries that sell them at a low rate. For example, due to depleted oil reservoirs, some countries purchase unrefined oil. They process and purify it to sell to both the local and international markets. Lowering the production costs helps in reduction of the market price. Manufacturing of low priced products without compromising the quality of goods and services increases competitive advantage. Companies that can penetrate the international market have a higher level of competition. They not only target a wider scope of consumers but also experience increased brand awareness. Through the supply of high-quality products, they gain a good reputation and greater consumer loyalty. Consequently, there is increased growth and profitability (Elms Low, 2013, p7). Financial Considerations Globalization has affected the financial considerations of business. Unlike the locally operating businesses, the international organizations require more money to finance its operations. This is because it is more expensive for agencies to innovate products continually, to meet the CSR expectations of customers, and attain environmental, labor and ethical expectations. The demand for goods in an international market is also higher than that of a local market (Tabrizi Tseng, 2007, p90). Therefore, a company is required to raise more money when operating globally than when operating locally to meet the demands of their customers successfully. The inability to meet the financial demands of international operations makes it difficult to function effectively because its competitors can attain a higher market share. Globalization helps increase the choices that a business has in raising the capital required to run the operations efficiently and effectively. Companies can borrow money from international institutions, such as banks from other countries. This is possible since globalization has promoted trust amongst businesses located in different countries. Organizations are thereby able to take advantage of this to reach the high financial requirements. Companies also have an opportunity to examine the value of the various currencies in different nations. Data collection suggests that they can borrow currencies considered stable and take advantage of the forex markets to ensure they get the optimum value of the borrowed amount. The ability to borrow from different countries also gives the companies an opportunity to consider the interests charged by international institutions. Thus, they choose the institution that charges the least interest rates (Gereffi, 2005, p9). Technological Considerations Globalization has also affected the technological considerations of value chains of organizations working at a global level. For an organization to meet the demands of the international market, it has to ensure that the technology it uses in the production of goods and services is up-to-date. Obsolete technology places the competitors at a better position in the market since their products are of higher quality. Failure to incorporate new technology in manufacture and production of goods and services decreases the competitive advantage that an organization may have over its competitors. For an organization to benefit from the technological advancement, it should capitalize on the new technology. An organization cannot benefit from technological advantage for long. This is because other agencies in the industry also understand the importance of investing in the latest technology (Stringer Le, 2008, p167). Globalization has acted to ensure that companies copy each other regarding the technology used thereby decreasing the competitive advantage of technological innovations that organizations at a local level enjoy. The marketing technological considerations of businesses have also been affected by globalization. Organizations have to consider the marketing strategies that they use carefully to ensure that their methods are effective. Similar to manufacturing methods, marketing methods have to incorporate the latest technology. These methods help to ensure that a company reaches the targeted market. A company that does not consider incorporating technology in its marketing strategies may find it difficult to penetrate international markets or to gain a market share in the global market. This is unlike a company that operates in the local market. It can successfully market itself using methods that do not require technology to execute such as door-to-door marketing. Marketing methods employed at the international level include social media marketing which requires an internet connection to run (Humphrey Schmitz, 2000, p34). Human Resource Considerations Due to the world operating as a global village, cases of people moving from one country to another due to employment have increased. The migration does not only favor individuals who move from the third world to the developed countries but also from the developed to the developing ones. Consequently, it has facilitated the increase of the employee selection pool during the recruitment process. It also improves the workforce diversity as people from different ethnic background work together. Globalization has also favored the increase of female workers. Unlike in the past where most employees were male, today women have also ventured the male-dominated careers. The diversity has facilitated a composition of a variety of talents, skills, and knowledge in the workplace. Organizations that have a unique and rare composition of skills and talent tend to produce unique products and services, hence increased sales (Elms Low, 2013, p90). Organizations can take advantage of this changing trend in the workforce through recruitment of employees from different parts of the world. In the case it, Possible due to the available advanced technology, where applications and interviews can be held online. This would not only help in the development of higher quality brands but would also facilitate the penetration of the brands of the company into various international markets. However, diversity can be a source of conflict and discrimination practices as people from one race or sex consider themselves superior to others. Thus, it is important that firms develop an induction program that helps in familiarization o employees to the business environment, and assignment of specific duties and responsibilities to specific personnel. A training program would equip the employees with the required skills and knowledge on how various operations are conducted. Assignment of rewards, such a financial benefits, and recognition would promo te workforce synergy. Moreover, incorporation of teams would maximize the usage of the available talents in the firm (Knorringa Pegler, 2006, p473). Cultural Considerations The culture of the target market is a major determinant of the type and quality of products and services an organization produces. Before entering a new market, organizations have to conduct a market research on the various cultural practices within the country that could influence the product design (Kotler Armstrong, 2007, p85). For example, an organization within the fashion and design industry would depend on the consumer considerations and references that are shaped by culture to develop the drawings. In Saudi Arabia, for instance, the designers take into account the Islamic beliefs, where a woman is expected to cover her body and head. This is unlike the designs that people in the UK and New York wear, where women are free to wear short clothes that expose their bodies. Production of products that do not take into consideration the social and cultural practices of the target market results in a bad brand image and reputation due to reduced consumer satisfaction. However, there is a growing concern for the increasing existence of a mass culture. Through the social media, persons are exposed to the cultures of new regions. For example, there exist Facebook pages that guide persons on their eating habit. Members of the group, who may be different areas of the world, after gaining the knowledge incorporate it into their lives. Moreover, after interacting with persons of various nations, individuals tend to embrace and adapt to their culture. Another factor that has facilitated the mass culture is the ease of transportation. After individuals visit and interact with citizens from other countries, they tend to embrace their culture. For example, it is common to see Americans dressed like Indians, or Africans using different European products. In the business world, mass culture facilitates mass production. Instead of organizations having production sites in other countries, they opt to produce large quantities of similar products that are exported to different regions (Sturgeon, 2013). Political Considerations Globalization has an impact on the political systems of various countries. Due to governments conducting their operations, such as documentation, through computer systems, they are prone to hacking by terrorists. Upsurges in terrorist attacks are evident in the world (Knight, Gary Cavusgil, 2004, p130). For example, ISIS has a record of attacking India. Terrorism increases insecurity and political instability, hence discouraging international companies from venturing the local markets. This is because the operational costs in unstable countries are high. This leads to increased market price, hence reduced sales level. Since the political systems of nations are different, businesses should consider the legislature governing the target markets. Some of the laws target at protecting the consumers while others promote environment sustainability. Other laws include taxation, tariffs, and quality standards of products. Lack of adhering to set laws could result in penalties and damaged reputation. Moreover, brands could be banned from countries if they violate the quality standards (Kucera, 2004). Thus, organizations have to operate not only according to the laws set by the country of origin but also the hosting one. Economic Considerations Globalization has facilitated the interlinkage of the economy of different countries, thus influencing the inbound logistics and operational costs of companies. There exist numerous trade unions in the world. Regional unions such as COMESA and ECOWAS enable countries to export various products without payment of tariffs. Other unions favor not only the flow of goods but also the movement of labor between the nations. Thus, a citizen from member states can work in other countries without permits. The European Union is an economic integrated association that controls the economic status of the countries. Thus, an impact on one country affects the others. For example, shortage of food and medication in one nation would result in companies from the member states increasing their produce to meet the growing demand. Moreover, since the countries use the same currency, positive or negative factors from one country affect the region (Hutson, Sinkovics, Berrill, 2011, p23). The USA, on the other hand, is a political and economical integrated union. The political changes regarding the economy have an impact on all the member states. The economic performance of one State has an impact on the overall performance. Thus, the federal government intervenes in the economic performance of every state. Therefore, before entering into a new country, organizations have to evaluate the restrictions that various trade unions pose. Such would help in forecasting the needs and potential factors that would have an effect on the industry. Moreover, there would be an assessment of the various costs the organization would incur in establishing itself in the new market and the expected performance. Thus, there would be the development of strategies for improving marketing activities and reduction of operational costs. Nonetheless, organizations have to assess the global economy since it is interlinked. For example, the great depression that started in New York spread to the whole world (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2008, p23). Corporate Social Responsibility Considerations Another effect of globalization on the corporate social responsibility is the increased awareness of the buyers to suppliers on the CSR standards that they expect corporations to meet. On the other hand, most organizations demand that vendors respond to their CSR standards to do business with them. The CSR standards for organizations vary depending on their locations and the culture of the society they operate in. Consequently, it may prove expensive for the suppliers because each agency may have different standards, thus meeting all their expectations may require more input. Despite being expensive, the suppliers have to adjust their operations to meet the required standards because failure to do so primes to loss of customers, and thus a decreased market share in the global market. For example in Kenya, a flower company adjusted its ethical standards to meet its customers ethical standards, which are in line with the UKs ETI. The UK supermarket that the flower company did business with required the Kenyan flower company to comply with the ethical standards that guided it to do business with it (Lund-Thomsen and Nadvi, 2010, p5). Organizations that venture the international market have to comply with the set international labor laws, which are more strict than the local ones. The adjustments required for these organizations are often expensive. For example in Cambodia, a garment manufacturer adjusted its labor standards to meet the international labor standards as per the requirement of the international market. Although the company previously followed all the labor laws of its country, it had to adjust its standards to meet the international standards to survive in the international market (Lund-Thomsen and Nadvi, 2010, p5). Conclusion Evidently, globalization has had an impact on different components of the value chain. They include technological, financial, economic, political, human resources, cultural, competitive advantage, and corporate social responsibility aspects. International organizations have to adjust their operations to meet the wide range of CSR and cultural expectations, financial and technological needs. They are affected by the economy and political stability of every nation either directly or indirectly. They can also increase their competitive advantage from the different backgrounds and experiences of their diverse workforce. A company operating at the international level has to strategize carefully to ensure that all its operations target at increasing its value. Bibliography Bartsch, F., Riefler, P. and Diamantopoulos, A., 2016. A taxonomy and review of positive consumer dispositions toward foreign countries and globalization.Journal of International Marketing,24(1), pp.82-110. Bottom of Form CHO, T.-S. (2013).From Adam Smith to Michael Porter: evolution of competitiveness theory. Hackensack, NJ, World Scientific. Elms, D. and Low, P. (2013). Global Value Chains in a Changing World. Geneva, Switzerland: World Trade Organization,Gereffi, G. (2005). The Global Economy: Organization, Governance, and Development in N. J. Smelser and R. Swedberg (eds.): The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2nd edition). Gereffi, G. et al. (2001). Introduction: Globalisation, Value Chain, and development. IDS Bulletin, 32(3), p1-12. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Humphrey, J., and Schmitz, H. (2000). Governance and Upgrading: Linking Industrial Cluster and Global Value Chain Research, Working Paper 120, Brighton: IDS Hutson, E., Sinkovics, R. R., Berrill, J. (2011).Firm-level internationalization, regionalism, and globalization. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan.Bottom of Form Knight, Gary and Cavusgil, Tamar. (2004). Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 124- 141. Knorringa, P., and Pegler, L. (2006). Globalization, Firm Upgrading, and Impacts on Labour. Economische en Sociale Geographie, 97(5), p470-479. Kotler, P., and Armstrong, G. (2007). Principles of marketing. London: RoutledgeTop of Form Kucera, D. (2004). How do Trade union rights affect trade competitiveness? Policy Integration Department, Statistical Development and Analysis Group, ILO Working Paper 39. Lund-Thomsen, P. and Nadvi, K. (2010). Global Value Chains, Local Collective Action and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Empirical Evidence. Business Strategy and the Environment, 19, 1-13.Top of Form Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (2008). Staying competitive in the global economy: a compendium of studies on global value chains. Paris, OECD. zsomer, A., 2012. The interplay between global and local brands: A closer look at perceived brand globalness and local iconness.Journal of International Marketing,20(2), pp.72-95.Top of Form Stringer, C., Le, H. R. B. (2008).Agri-Food Commodity Chains and Globalising Networks. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate.Sturgeon, T. (2013). Global value Chains and Economic Globalization. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/54610/4463793/Sturgeon-report-Eurostat Tabrizi, B., and Tseng, M. (2007). Transformation through Global Value Chains: Taking Advantage of Business Synergies in the United States and China. Stanford, Calif:: Stanford Business Books. Timmer, M.P., Erumban, A.A., Los, B., Stehrer, R. and de Vries, G.J., 2014. Slicing up global value chains.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,28(2), pp.99-118.Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C. and Leong, G.K., 2014.Principles of supply chain management: a balanced approach. Cengage Learning.

Puerto Rico Essays (380 words) - Insular Areas Of The United States

Puerto Rico PUERTO RICO Puerto Rico, many good things come from there. Beautiful beaches, beautiful women, and a beautiful culture. However, one thing that does not come from Puerto Rico is money, tax dollars to be exact. Why is it that the United States sends millions of dollars in financial aid to Puerto Rico and nothing comes back? The Puerto Ricans are a commonwealth, not a state, that's why. Fifty years ago a commonwealth was more of a protected country rather than a state. Today, however, a commonwealth is equivalent to a leech, a moocher. Puerto Rico basically rules itself, it has its own form of government, and it has its own industry, soo why does it need the United States? Puerto Rico needs the United States because the United States equals free money. The US ships millions of dollars in aid to Puerto Rico with nothing coming back in return. Why is that? It's because technically, a commonwealth has the same basic rights as a state. There are a few exceptions though. First, it's citizens are not true citizens of the United States. Second, it's citizens cannot vote in American national elections. (However, this is not a real problem because the Puerto Ricans can vote in their own elections and the US legislature does not have a huge amount of effect on Puerto Rico.) The pluses to being a commonwelath of the United States of America are numerous. The largest is that th e Puerto Ricans receive all the same aid as any other United States citizen. They can receive welfare, Medicare, and everything other federal aid program without having to pay taxes. What kind of deal is that? They get everything for nothing? That's is definitely not a good deal. Has anything ever been done to change it? As a matter of fact, every certain number of years, The Puerto Rican pubic votes on whether or not it wants to accept the United States' offer of citizenship, and what do you think they do? It's a no-brainer. They, just like anyone else in the world, votes down statehood each and every time the vote comes up. After all, if I could get free money and not have to do anything in return, I would not jeopardize it either. Government Essays

5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives

5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives 5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives 5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives By Mark Nichol An appositive is a word or phrase that refers to the same idea as another word or phrase in proximity. The phrase â€Å"my friend John† contains two appositives, because â€Å"my friend† and â€Å"John† are two ways of identifying that person I know well. For many writers, how to punctuate appositives is problematic. Here are some erroneous uses of punctuation with appositives: 1. â€Å"My sister Jane is a pain.† Whether this sentence is correct or not, actually, depends on specific knowledge: Does the writer have more than one sister? If so, the sentence is correct. If not, this sister’s name should be set off by commas, and a clarifying modifier like older (unless there are two or more sisters of greater age) preceding her name would be helpful. If you’re editing such a sentence, and you don’t have details, it’s best to omit commas. (Traditionally, father or mother would imply that the person in question is in a class all by himself or herself, necessitating commas, but it’s possible to have more than one of each.) 2. â€Å"This year’s spotlights include a tribute to Asian American film legend, Anna May Wong.† If the sentence referred restrictively to â€Å"the first Asian American movie star, Anna May Wong† (she is the only person in the class â€Å"first Asian American movie star†), the comma would be correct. But the adjectival phrase â€Å"Asian American film legend† is merely what is called a temporary epithet; it could refer to other people as well. The error perhaps derives from confusion with the correct construction â€Å"Anna May Wong, the Asian American film legend.† But as is, the sentence should have no comma. 3. â€Å"The typical manufacturing worker earned $44,680 last year, according to the New York-based research firm, Towers Perrin.† This error mirrors that in the preceding example; it can afflict references to inanimate entities as well as descriptions of people. The comma preceding the firm’s name erroneously implies that only one New York-based research firm exists, and it is therefore erroneous (unless there was a previous reference, not by name, to the specific company). 4. â€Å"The crowd was being seated for the performance artist’s newest show Say No More.† The opposite problem is on display here. The phrase â€Å"newest show† restricts the show title; only one show by the performance artist can be his or her newest, so a restrictive comma after show is necessary. The phrase â€Å"the performance artist’s show Say No More,† however, includes no qualifiers and therefore requires no comma. 5. â€Å"I read the book, The Chicago Manual of Style, from cover to cover in one sitting.† In trumpeting this masochistic achievement, the writer is suggesting that the volume in question is the only one in existence; it is â€Å"the book.† But bibliophiles have other options, so the writer should respect that fortunate fact by omitting both commas from this sentence. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Latin Plural Endings5 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

The Balfour Declaration Influence on Formation of Israel

The Balfour Declaration Influence on Formation of Israel Few documents in Middle Eastern history have had as consequential and controversial an influence as the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which has been at the center of the Arab-Israeli conflict over the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Balfour Declaration   The Balfour Declaration was a 67-word statement contained within a brief letter attributed to Lord Arthur Balfour, the British foreign secretary, dated November 2, 1917.  Balfour addressed the letter to Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a British banker, zoologist and Zionist activist who, along with Zionists Chaim Weizmann and Nahum Sokolow, helped draft the declaration much as lobbyists today draft bills for legislators to submit. The declaration was in line with European Zionist leaders hopes and designs for a homeland in Palestine, which they believed would bring about intense immigration of Jews around the world to Palestine. The statement read as follows: His Majestys Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. It was 31 years after this letter, whether willed by the British government or not, that the state of Israel was founded in 1948. Liberal Britain’s Sympathy for Zionism Balfour was part of the liberal government of Prime Minister David Lloyd George. British liberal public opinion believed that Jews had suffered historical injustices, that the West was to blame and the West had a responsibility to enable a Jewish homeland. The push for a Jewish homeland was aided, in Britain and elsewhere, by fundamentalist Christians who encouraged the emigration of Jews as one way to accomplish two goals: depopulate Europe of Jews and fulfill Biblical prophecy. Fundamentalist Christians believe that the return of Christ must be preceded by a Jewish kingdom in the Holy Land). The Declaration’s Controversies The declaration was controversial from the start, and chiefly due to its own imprecise and contradictory wording. The imprecision and contradictions were deliberate- an indication that Lloyd George did not want to be on the hook for the fate of Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The Declaration did not refer to Palestine as the site of the Jewish homeland, but that of a Jewish homeland. That left Britains commitment to an independent Jewish nation very much open to question. That opening was exploited by subsequent interpreters of the declaration, who claimed that it was never intended as an endorsement of a uniquely Jewish state. Rather, that Jews would establish a homeland in Palestine alongside Palestinians and other Arabs established there for almost two millennia. The second part of the declaration- that â€Å"nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities†- could be and has been read by Arabs as an endorsement of Arab autonomy and rights, an endorsement as valid as that proffered on behalf of Jews. Britain would, in fact, exercise its League of Nations mandate over Palestine to protect Arab rights, at times at the expense of Jewish rights. Britain’s role has never ceased to be fundamentally contradictory. Demographics in Palestine Before and After Balfour At the time of the declaration in 1917, Palestinians- which were the â€Å"non-Jewish communities in Palestine†- constituted 90 percent of the population there. Jews numbered about 50,000. By 1947, on the eve of Israel’s declaration of independence, Jews numbered 600,000. By then Jews were developing extensive quasi-governmental institutions while provoking increasing resistance from Palestinians. Palestinians staged small uprisings in 1920, 1921, 1929 and 1933, and a major uprising, called the Palestine Arab Revolt, from 1936 to 1939. They were all quashed by a combination of British and, beginning in the 1930s, Jewish forces.

Health and disease relation to cigarette smoking Essay

Health and disease relation to cigarette smoking - Essay Example port identify that â€Å"among men who smoke cigarettes the death rate from cancer of the lung was 1,000 percent higher than among nonsmokers† and that â€Å"the incidence of coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in the United States, was 70 percent higher among smokers† (Brandt 494). Brandt points out how the clash between traditional American libertarian ethic and communitarian ethic has influenced debates on cigarette smoking in the nation. The author also provides an elaborate discussion on accountability for tobacco induced diseases and finally concludes that more attention should be paid to the social responsibility theory for addressing the issue. Proponents of cigarette smoking emphasize on traditional American libertarian ethic which stress on individual freedom and individual decisions. As such they regard governmental interference on smoking behavior as an â€Å"unjustifiable intrusion into individual decisions† (Brandt 500). They also hold that rather than regulating the smoking behavior of the public government’s duty is only to inform them of its potential dangers. On the other hand, communitarian ethic holds that exposure to other peoples cigarette smoke cause serious health problems to non-smokers in the community. Various researches on the risks of side stream smoke and the addictive nature of cigarettes also emphasize the need to delegitimize and stigmatize cigarette smoking. The communitarian ethic thus views smoking as a moral issue as its health effects on the non-smoking community are quite dangerous. This tension between traditional American libertarian ethic and communitarian ethic on cigarette smoking raises a number of questions on who should shoulder the responsibility of the risks associated with cigarette smoking. While many attribute this responsibility to the tobacco industry there are others who stress on governmental accountability. The first Surgeon Generals Report emphasizes on governmental intervention and

Ovarian Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ovarian Cancer - Essay Example This paper will offer a detailed pathophysiology, etiology, epidemiology and prognosis of ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer stands solely as the number one death cause (Yabro, 2011). According to Gale (2009), current statistics indicates that, out of every 70 women, 1 of them is at the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Needless to say, women above the age of 65 account for more than 48% of ovarian cancer incidences (Yabro, 2011). As age advances, so do the chances of developing ovarian cancer. Sadly most ovarian cancer incidences are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage when the intra-abdominal extent of the spread is way too high. This does not work in the patient’s best interest seeing as they may be subjected to a harsher less physical friendly diagnosis as they are at an advanced stage. The most common pathophysiological theories of ovarian cancer engross the conception that it starts with the dedifferentiation of cells covering the ovary. In the course of ovulation, these cells are absorbed to the ovary, where they multiply (Gale, 2009). Ovarian cancer extends to the omentum and peritoneal surfaces. It extends through lymphatic invasion, intraperitoneal implantation, hematogenous dissemination and local extension. Intraperitoneal implantation is the most common way through which ovarian cancer cells spread. Malevolent cells can embed on anyplace in the peritoneal cavity. The most common ovarian cancer is the epithelial ovarian cancer. Hall (2010) denotes that it emerges from epithelium overlying the ovaries. The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unidentified (Gale, 2009). However, numerous contributing and risk factors have been discovered. These include the reproductive and genetic factors. In reference to Gale (2009), the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer is high in women who have not given birth and those with late menopause. Women who are mothers or have been pregnant at one point have a reduced risk of

Affirmative Action Essay Example for Free

Affirmative Action Essay With the election of an African American as President, many would think that the question of affirmative action and equal opportunity have been finally laid to rest in the United States. This perception may seem to be true for the protagonists of affirmative action, who over the years have believed that the struggle for civil rights and equal opportunity can only be seen to fruition if an African American emerges as President (Kamalu and Kamalu 2004). The Civil Rights movement brought issues of affirmative action to the forefront of government policy making, hence Congress enacted the Equal Opportunity Act of 1964 as the legal backbone. It was obvious that the primary purpose then was to create equal opportunities for minorities and the under-privileged in the society. However, as time went by and following subsequent interpretations of the Act by the courts in cases of reverse discrimination, the effect of the law on equal representation in employment, schooling and government contracting was diminished. To this end, affirmative action became a form of preferential treatment awarded to privileged groups, a form of reverse discrimination, a denial of meritocracy and social justice (Pauwels 2011). As a matter of fact, minority under-representation was one of the most widely discussed issues in the polity, to the extent that President Bill Clinton in his 1995 address to Congress said â€Å"the way out is to introduce the principle of race neutrality and the goal of aiding the disadvantaged into affirmative action preference programs themselves: to base preferences, in education, entry level employment and public contracting, on class, not race† (Kahlenberg 1995, 21), this was his response to many reverse discrimination decisions coming out of the supreme court in favor of the plaintiffs. The Bush administration however, did not improve the cause of affirmative action, sometimes it accepted preferences and sometimes it opposed them (Clegg 2008). The question is whether the cause of affirmative action has actually changed from racial preferences to class distinction following the election of Barack Obama as President. President Barack Obama, in a speech at Osawatomie Kansas in 2011, told his audience that, â€Å"this kind of inequality—a level that we haven’t seen since the Great Depression—hurts us all†, the inequality that strikes him most is in the distribution of income, the provision of basic resources that will spur the economy back on track. Though it is true, as observed by Kamalu and Kamalu (2004), that the ultimate goal of the Civil Rights movement and the struggle for equal opportunity is to see an African American emerge as President, the implementation of affirmative action goes beyond the interest of the President. Pauwels (2011) observes that since an African American has been elected President, the future of affirmative action is uncertain and the discussion has been removed from the public domain. Pauwels observation may be true to an extent, though the election of Barack Obama has bridged the racial gap, class distinction remains an issue for discourse. President Obama’s struggle for the restoration of the middle class is proactive, and suggests that he is conscious of the inequality in the society from the class structure than in the racial perspective, this concurs with Bill Clinton’s remarks as stated in his speech to Congress. However, in the light of the observations in Pauwel and Kathlenberg, also in the views of the proponents of affirmative action, the election of Barack Obama as President has removed the discussion from the public domain, but he has followed the discussion in the perspective that is most expedient and conforms with his economic policies. The economic emancipation of minority groups should be the driving force of any legislation or government policy initiative aimed at providing equal opportunity in the society. When middle-class families can no longer afford to buy the goods and services that businesses are selling, when people are slipping out of the middle class, it drags down the entire economy from top to bottom. As Barack Obama emerged President of the United States, protagonists of civil rights and equal opportunity would have thought that he will be the champion of affirmative action, being of the minority stock himself. Nevertheless, he has redirected the discussion to suit the burning issue of the time – the economy and distribution of income. Surprisingly, Barack Obama has not elevated the discussion of affirmative to the height and enthusiasm it was taken to by Bill Clinton, who in his speech to congress was emphatic as to the way forward stating â€Å"today I am directing all our agencies to comply with the Supreme Court’s Adarand decision, and also to apply the four standards of fairness to all our affirmative action programs that I have already articulated: no quotas in theory or practice, no illegal discrimination of any kind, including reverse discrimination; no preference for people who are not qualified for any job or other opportunity ; and as soon as a program has succeeded, it must be retired. Any program that doesn’t meet these four principles must be eliminated or reformed to meet them† (Clinton 1995). Some scholars have posited that a major step in guaranteeing affirmative action is by winning the political war as well, by electing friends of affirmative action to the presidency, state courts, and top judicial positions and the election of judges who are â€Å"judicial activists† to the bench to continue to uphold the constitution to meet the needs of contemporary American society (Kamalu Kamalu 2004). This position may not always hold sway as we can see from the present circumstances that even those perceived to be friends of affirmative action may not be seen to further the cause so generously. Meanwhile, the emergence of an affluent black middle class also made affirmative action claims seem increasingly suspicious, climaxing with President Barack Obama’s election, dubbed by some the ‘death knell’ of affirmative action (Maglio cca 2008). African Americans are now gradually coming to terms that the wings of racial discrimination have been broken, and to a large extent turned to the annals of history with the election of Barack Obama as President. If the racial content of equal opportunity is undermined, as can be seen in the decisions of courts, then it is obvious that what is left in the legislation will not be for the benefit of minorities only, but for the underprivileged class in the society. Who else would have been more silent on the issue of affirmative action if not someone perceived to be a beneficiary? To many Americans, affirmative action has now become irrelevant, a concept only debated in narrow academic circles that cling to the outdated idea of institutionalized racism (Young 2009). Apparently, affirmative action programs have been reformulated to avoid polarization, they don’t focus overtly on race and ethnicity, they cast the net wide so as to seem all-inclusive and they are backed up by strong court cases and judicial decisions in favor of reverse discrimination, and strong opposition for racial preferences. Opponents of affirmative action have often advanced the views that the fundamental principles of capitalism and the market economy do not provide for absolute equality, it would be utopian for anyone to wish that there will be equality in the distribution of resources. Nevertheless, the struggle for equality that is rooted in the civil rights movement was informed by outright racism and economic deprivation designed through policies of government that were inherently exclusive at the time. It is this struggle for equality that is manifest in the consciousness of the people especially for African Americans to see the election of Barack Obama as a relief for this long struggle for racial equality and economic emancipation. The struggle for racial equality ultimately goes with so many expectations, which practically includes getting one from the minority stock into highest position of governmental decision making. The election of Barack Obama obviously came, civil rights activists had to heave a sigh of relief and it became a turning point. It has turned out good, everyone has rested his case and the expectation is now focused on the results of the performance of the President in this regard. Immediately after the general election, in November 2008, a New York Times/CBS poll found that the proportion of people who believe blacks ‘‘have an equal chance of getting ahead’’ had risen to 64 per cent, up from 46 per cent in 1997 (Pauwels 2011). Clegg (2008), in his study was very critical of race based affirmative action, he argued that pursuing the cause of affirmative action will undermine the fundamental principles of free enterprise and the spirit of hard work that accompanies economic independence. He went further to state that â€Å"the American Dream has always been that any American can work toward the life he or she wants, and will have the opportunity and the freedom to achieve and accomplish what he or she wants in life. There will be hurdles to overcome, but one barrier that should not be there is the color of an Americans skin or where an Americans ancestors came from† (Clegg 2008, 991), we all know that for many years—for centuries—that dream was not allowed to many Americans. Too often discrimination because of race or ethnicity denied Americans the equality of opportunity they should have had. President Bill Clinton in 1995 restated the fundamental principles of affirmative action that â€Å"the purpose is to give our nation a way to finally address the systemic exclusion of individuals of talent on the basis of their gender or race from opportunities to develop, perform, achieve and contribute†. Affirmative action is an effort to develop a systematic approach to open the doors of education, employment and business development opportunities to qualified individuals who happen to be members of groups that have experienced longstanding and persistent discrimination. Nevertheless, the Obama administration has recognized equality from the perspective of the distribution of resources not opportunities. Like he said in Kansas, â€Å"America was built on the idea of broad-based prosperity, of strong consumers all across the country. That’s why a CEO like Henry Ford made it his mission to pay his workers enough so that they could buy the cars he made. It’s also why a recent study showed that countries with less inequality tend to have stronger and steadier economic growth over the long run. Inequality also distorts our democracy. It gives an outsized voice to the few who can afford high-priced lobbyists and unlimited campaign contributions, and it runs the risk of selling out our democracy to the highest bidder. It leaves everyone else rightly suspicious that the system in Washington is rigged against them that our elected representatives aren’t looking out for the interests of most Americans†, this is vintage Barack Obama substantiating an argument for the sustenance of the middle class in America, knowing full well that empowering the middle class will drive the economy through increased consumption and productivity and ultimately economic growth. What is most intriguing about the arguments of affirmative action is that there is a shift of the premise due to several reasons: affirmative action was supposedly temporary and targeted at the black community only; in fact, these measures were extended over the years to an increasing number of new categories; w omen (who are today acknowledged as being their prime beneficiaries), then most other ethnic minority groups, including new immigrants (Pauwels 2011). Its primary rationale became blurred in 1978 when the Bakke decision shifted the goal of affirmative action from repairing past injustices against the black community to the much more ambitious and less clearly defined justification of achieving diversity (Frymer and Skrentny, 2004). Even President Bill Clinton realized this shift in his 1995 speech to congress when he said â€Å"that affirmative action has not always been perfect, and affirmative action should not go on forever. It should be changed now to take care of those things that are wrong, and it should be retired when its job is done. I am resolved that that day will come, but the evidence suggests indeed that that day has not come†. However, that day finally came with the election of an African American as the President of United States, whose drive is no longer affirmative action but equality in income distribution and the provision of basic opportunities for the benefit of all and sundry especially creating a formidable middle class that will cut across all races and ethnic origins. Cited Works Clegg, Roger 2008, â€Å"Unfinished Business: The Bush Administration and Racial Preferences† Harvard Journal of Law, Public Policy, 32, 971 – 997. Clinton, Bill 1995, â€Å"Remarks by the President on Affirmative Action†, Essential Speeches 2009. Academic Search Premier. Frymer, P. and Skrentny, J.D., 2004, â€Å"The rise of instrumental affirmative action: law and the new significance of race in America† Connecticut law review, 36 (3), 677_723. Kahlenberg, Richard 1995, â€Å"Class Not – Race: An Affirmative Action that works†, The New Republic April 3, 1995. P. 21 Kamalu, Johnson and Ngozi Kamalu 2004, â€Å"From Bakke to Grutter: The Supreme Court and the Struggle over Affirmative Action in the Era of Globalization† The Western Journal of Black Studies, 28:4, 489-502. Magliocca, G.N., 2008. The Obama realignment (and what comes next). Working Paper [online], December 2. Available from: http://ssrn.com/abstract_1310202 Obama, Barack 2011, â€Å"The New Nationalism: On the whole and in the long run we shall go up or down together† President of the United States: Speech delivered at Osawatome High School, Osawatome, Kansas December 6, Pauwels, Marie – Christine 2011, â€Å"Does Affirmative Action have a Future in Barack Obama’s America?† Journal of Intercultural Studies, 32:3, 309-319 Young, C., 2009. â€Å"Obama: Race and Affirmative Action†. Real clear politics [online], 27 January. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/printpage/?url_http://www.realclearpolitics. com/articles/2009/01/dnp_obama_race_and_affirmative.html

Improving Cyberspace :: essays research papers fc

Improving Cyberspace Thesis: Though governments cannot physically regulate the Internet, cyberspace needs regulations to prevent illegal activity, the destruction of morals, and child access to pornography. I. Introduction. II. Illegal activity online costs America millions and hurts our economy. A. It is impossible for our government to physically regulate cyberspace. 1. One government cannot regulate the Internet by itself. 2. The basic design of the Internet prohibits censorship. B. It is possible for America to censor the Internet. 1. All sites in America receive their address from the government. 2. The government could destroy the address for inappropriate material. 3. Existing federal laws regulate BBS's from inappropriate material. III. Censoring the Internet would establish moral standards. A. Pornography online is more harsh than any other media. 1. The material out there is highly perverse and sickening. 2. Some is not only illegal, but focuses on children. B. Many industries face problems from illegal activity online. 1. Floods of copyrighted material are illegally published online. 2. Innocent fans face problems for being good fans. IV. Online pornography is easily and illegally accessible to minors. A. In Michigan, anyone can access anything in cyberspace for free. 1. Mich-Net offers most of Michigan access with a local call. 2. The new Communications Decency Act could terminate Mich-net. B. BBS's offer callers access to adult material illegally. 1. Most BBS operators don't require proof of age. 2. Calls to BBS's are undetectable to a child's parents. V. Conclusion. "People don't inadvertently tune into alt.sex.pedophile while driving to a Sunday picnic with Aunt Gwendolyn" (Huber). For some reason, many people believe this philosophy and therefore think the Internet and other online areas should not be subject to censorship. The truth is, however, that computerized networks like the Internet are in desperate need of regulations. People can say, do, or create anything they wish, and as America has proved in the past, this type of situation just doesn't work. Though governments cannot physically regulate the Internet, cyberspace needs regulations to prevent illegal activity, the destruction of morals, and child access to pornography. First, censoring the online community would ease the tension on the computer software industry. Since the creation of the first computer networks, people have been exchanging data back and forth, but eventually people stopped transferring text, and started sending binaries, otherwise known as computer programs. Users like the idea; why would someone buy two software packages when they could buy one and trade for a copy of another with a friend? This philosophy has cost the computer industry millions, and companies like Microsoft have simply given up. Laws exist against exchanging computer software; violators face up to a $200,000 fine and/or five years imprisonment, but these laws are simply unenforced. Most businesses are violators as well.

Humanities and Academic Disciplines Essay

Do you know what your human condition is? If this is a question that you have ever asked yourself then you might have heard of humanities. â€Å"Humanities are academic disciplines that study the human conditions, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural science. † Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Looking further into humanities we are able to better understand ancient and modern languages, literature, law and history, just to name a few, a whole lot better. Distinguishing the difference between humanities vs. other modes of human inquiry and expression are simply put that humanities are the study of the humans action and reaction to different areas mentioned above, were as other methods can include the study of science and math as it relates to the items mentioned above. Art for example in an area of study is widely considered in the humanities for the creative nature that one has to have to create â€Å"art†. First we have the history of art, then drawing, painting and so on. This is an interesting topic when dealing with humanities. Some say that it is pure talent and enjoyment when it comes to art. Other say that it is something that has to be done very precise and thought out, then and only then is something considered art. Music is also a big topic when it comes to humanities. Like art it depends on the person when it comes to humanities. One might think that music is a way of expression or a form of speaking. Were as others might take music to the extreme and feel like they have to hit every note at the exact same pitch every time or sing every word is the same tone every time to be precise. Like a math equation, it must equal out to be the same every time or it will not work. Another topic that we need to discuss is literature. At its broadest, it can mean any sequence of words that has been saved for the spread in some form or an other, often it is used to Humanities 3 show the creativeness or imaginative works such as stories, poems, and skits. It is also used for the use if items that are of great significance and in need of reward. Shakespeare had literature mastered at his prime and was able to express his love for plays and life through his writings. It  takes much talent to express yourself or something in the way that you intended it to come Architecture is a great way for one to fully express themselves or share with millions the way they are feeling or their creativeness. By constructing any type of building for the whole world to see is a bold statement that should not be taken lightly or given only a few moments thought. Yes, it does require great mathematical skill to be able to construct wonderful buildings but it also take a very creative mind, a mind willing to be open and free to new ideas and procedures, to try new things. One might argue that architecture is purely the use or mathematics or geometry, but the bases of build something comes from deep within. Now philosophy which is â€Å"investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge, or values, based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods† Answer. com. (2011) is definitely something that has to do with the study of humanities and how the human nature reacts to such behaviors. It needs to be purely creative to even begin starting In the world today there are many topics that we are able to discuss about the relations of humanities. Given the few examples that we have discussed we are able to see that the relation between humanities and other human inquiries are very well defined. We now know that humanities are the study of academic disciplines that study the human conditions. I firmly believe the humanities are great increased based on a right or left brained person. It takes great creativity to come up with new laws, build an architectural beautiful building or create music Humanities 4 that is pleasing to its listeners. The humanities are an essential thing to help us visualize the study of academic disciplines.   

Midaq Alley in History Versus Midaq Alley

The women of the Middle East would continue to uphold their traditional image, even though in their heart of hearts many of them may be yearning for plain liberty.   The chief character of Naguib Mahfouz’s Midaq Alley (1992) is a woman by the name of Hamida, who must put up acts to stay true to her traditions, at the same time as she yearns for something beyond the ordinary.   Yet, her passage into a world where men and women must be considered equal is a narrow one. As a matter of fact, her life is the Midaq Alley, which â€Å"resembles a ‘trap,’ with walls on three sides, making darkness one of its pervasive features (Deeb).†Ã‚   What is more, there is a very narrow entrance and an equally narrow exit to the small alley – away from the big, outside world – that the Middle Eastern woman has come to represent in Mahfouz’s novel (Deeb). All the same, Marius Deeb, in her literary criticism of Midaq Alley, considers the novel in its historical context alone.   Hers is historical literary criticism of Midaq Alley, seeing that she describes the difference between the alley and the outside world as the division between traditions and modernity in the Eygpt of 1940s.   According to the author, the significance of the alley may only be explained in terms of the socio-cultural environment of the time that the novel is about. The difference between the alley and the outside world, in the author’s opinion, is similar to the division between the East and the West.   Even so, the most important character in the novel remains Hamida.   She is entirely different from the rest of the characters, and therefore demands the reader’s attention like nobody else in the novel.   Being the center of attention, she teaches a very important lesson about the perceived differences between men and women in the Middle East.   In essence, her story does not merely apply to the historical context of the novel.   Rather, it is the story of the perceived differences between Middle Eastern men and women even in our times. Hamida is the Midaq Alley, although Deeb does not mention her thus.   Not the kind to give up easily, she sneers at her husbands-to-be simply because she wants something better than them, most definitely a life that is more prosperous, and outright superior, that is, the big, outside world.   She considers her husbands-to-be as nonentities because she thinks she can achieve well for herself without them.   At the same time, she is bounded by Middle Eastern customs and culture to choose one prospect and get married like ordinary girls. Even if Hamida represents the East – in the East and West division of the world – the novel is mainly about the social differences between men and women.   These differences may be explained in terms of the separation between the heaven and the earth as well.   However, Deeb’s literary criticism does not describe the separation or differences beyond the historical context of the novel.   The author describes her interpretation of the novel thus: â€Å"We discern in this novel the division between the traditional world and the modern world in Egypt during the 1940, that is, to some extent, a re-enactment of the East-West dichotomy and the values, whether aesthetic or moral, which accompany those worlds (Deeb).† Hamida admires the women who have escaped their marital bonds.   She is especially inspired by the factory girls she knows – who all happen to be Jewish.   She informs her mother about the same, â€Å"If you had seen the factory girls!   You should just see those Jewish girls who go to work.   They all go about in nice clothes.   Well, what is the point of life then if we can't wear what we want (Mahfouz)?†Ã‚   According to Middle Eastern customs for women, Hamida must control her true desires before the cultural expectations that are attached to all women.   All the same, Mahfouz brings to the mind’s eye the picture of Middle Eastern women that are longing to free themselves from the bonds of patriarchy, and all the rules of society that are connected to the same. Apparently, the Middle Eastern women would also like to free themselves from the difficult clothing they are forced to wear.   Perhaps they would like breaks from such clothing.   While women such as Hamida may genuinely face a problem with restrictive customs, Mahfouz also describes the ‘proper’ girls that are not expected to show their desires anyway.   Boys of the Middle East, on the contrary, are allowed various other facilities, also according to the author.   Boys are permitted, among other things, access to sex, nightlife, and friendships outside the family. If Deeb’s criticism is correct, the East must want to totally blend into the West instead of guarding its culture as it does.   Even though Deeb’s interpretation of the differences between the alley and the outside world may be correct, it is incomplete and inconclusive seeing that it does not truly explain the striking differences between men and women in the novel. When Hamida gets married to Abbas, she only does so to escape her mother’s home.   Escape seems to be her only wish.   She turns into a prostitute as soon as her husband leaves home for an indefinite period of time.   But, does she find her eventual escape route through this act?   It appears that while many Middle Eastern women may be searching for escape routes from traditions, once and for all, it was only Hamida who actually managed to escape. Whether she had dreamt of reaching a brothel or not is not the point of Mahfouz’s tale.   The fact remains that Hamida had no choice to live a liberated life as a Middle Eastern woman, except as a prostitute.   Most Middle Eastern women would shun the idea of prostitution altogether, calling it a major sin.   However, Hamida was so desperate to escape that she defied the common image of the Middle Eastern woman to truly escape her cultural constraints, once and for all.   Whether she also found happiness is not the concern of the author either.   Hamida’s liberation, on the other hand, is an important message of Midaq Alley. Hamida was the kind who merely upheld the traditional image of the Middle Eastern woman, just as many other Middle Eastern women probably do.   At the same time, she was desperate enough to express her suppressed desires of liberation that she chose the career of prostitution so as to escape all associations with the patriarchal traditions.   Perhaps, therefore, Mahfouz’s writing is a warning for the extremely strict movements that reduce people to suppressed desperation, which eventually bursts into crimes and various other problems.   Deeb does not explain this lesson.   Moreover, her writing compels the reader to search for the truth behind the novel, seeing that her criticism is only partly true.   After all, Hamida found the opportunity to escape, while the East and traditions – if they represent the Midaq Alley – could not blend into the West and modernity. Works Cited Deeb, Marius. â€Å"Najib Mahfuz's Midaq Alley: A Socio-Cultural Analysis.†   Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 10, No. 2 (1983), pp. 121-130. Mahfouz, Naguib. Midaq Alley. Reprint edition. New York: Anchor, 1992.

Steve Invasive Species and Hallow Stems Essay

Steve Invasive Species and Hallow Stems Essay Steve: Invasive Species and Hallow Stems Essay Invasive species are plants or animals that are introduced to other environments of their own. These species cause adverse effects of the habitats they invade on an environmental, economical, and ecological level. They threaten biological diversity and can upset the balance of living things in nature. Look for example at Human Beings, we are a major invasive species to many areas of the Earth we occupy. We have destroyed many other life forms both plant and animal, just as any invasive species can do to the environments they are introduced into. Fallopia japonica(Japanese Knotweed) for example is an invasive plant species. It is a perennial of the family Polygonaceae which is native to Eastern Asia. This plant has hallow stems and has a resemblance to bamboo even though the two species are not closely related. It has a very invasive root system and it can damage buildings, roads, and most other manmade structures. In some areas its even possible this plant can reduce the capacity o f flood channels that carry floodwaters away. Is it feasible to say that these plants killed someone? Would the difference in the flood channels ability to carry water from these plants be capable of making such a negative difference? This plant forms extremely thick and dense growths that crowd out much of the surrounding plant life. It has great success growing in a variety of soil types. Another eerie fact is the rhizomes() can survive temperatures of -31F and can extend 23 ft horizontally and nearly 10 feet deep. This would create an extremely difficult task to remove if it threatened any buildings or other plant life you had concern for. To obtain an understanding of the effects of this particular invasive plant, we must first understand its uses and why anyone would contribute to the success of this bad plant. One reason being that Japanese knotweed is used in beekeeping as an important source of nectar for honeybees. They are used mainly in times of the year when many other species are not flowering. The honey yielded is a monofloral honey, which means that the honey is derived from one plant species and has a distinct taste. Secondly the young stems that grow are edible as a spring vegetable which has a flavor similar to sour rhubarb. Lastly this plant is known for its high concentration of resveratrol and flucoside piceid. This means it can replace certain grape byproducts. It is useful in this way even more because its year round growth and its ability to grow in many climates. The best way to control this weed is to use some form of

7 derechos de los indocumentados si son arrestados

7 derechos de los indocumentados si son arrestados Si eres uno de los 11 millones de indocumentados que viven en los Estados Unidos, estos son tus derechos en los casos de arresto o si la Policà ­a te para en la calle o te ordena parar mientras manejas un auto. Derechos de los indocumentados La policà ­a no puede entrar en una vivienda sin que tenga orden judicial (warrant). La excepcià ³n es si tiene motivos fundados de que se est cometiendo un delito (atacando a una persona, traficando con drogas, etc.). Si la policà ­a llama a la puerta, pedir el warrant muy educadamente y sin perder los nervios. Si no la tienen sà ³lo pueden ingresar si se les da permiso, pero se les puede decir que no. Si la policà ­a para a un inmigrante en la calle o cuando est manejando o en el trabajo recordar que se tiene el derecho a permanecer en silencio. La à ºnica excepcià ³n son algunos estados en los que se est obligado a decir el nombre. Verifica si resides en uno de esos estados. Si es asà ­, se dice. Si la policà ­a lo para a uno se le puede preguntar si se puede ir (free to leave, en inglà ©s). Si la respuesta es afirmativa (hay que oà ­r el yes), se puede ir, pero sin movimientos bruscos. Nunca perder la calma (aunque por dentro se està © muy nervioso). Si se es arrestado se tiene el derecho a pedir hablar con un abogado. Es muy conveniente cargar siempre con el nombre y el nà ºmero de telà ©fono de un abogado de inmigracià ³n con buena reputacià ³n (o incluso ms de uno, por si no contesta o no puede hacerse cargo del caso). Si se est como indocumentado en Estados Unidos no cargar con documentos como el pasaporte u otros como la matrà ­cula consular que puedan probar que se est ilegalmente en el paà ­s. Si se tienen se guardan en un lugar seguro, pero no se les lleva con uno. La razà ³n de lo anterior es que para que el gobierno pueda deportar a una persona es necesario que pruebe que est aquà ­ ilegalmente (o que ha hecho algo que amerita la deportacià ³n). Si no se dice nada, si no hay rà ©cords de ninguna clase entonces tiene difà ­cil probar su caso. Lo ms aconsejable es no hablar ni mostrar documentos y esperar por el abogado. Si se est ilegalmente en el paà ­s y se tienen personas dependientes como por ejemplo hijos menores, tomar la precaucià ³n de hablar con personas de confianza quià ©n debe hacerse cargo de ellos, cules son las instrucciones, cà ³mo acceder al dinero ahorrado para gastos, etc. Es incluso muy conveniente hacer un escrito ante notario. Jams firmar algo que no se entiende. Esto puede ser porque est en inglà ©s y sà ³lo se habla espaà ±ol o porque no se acaba de entender las consecuencias del documento que se le pone delante. Tampoco firmar ningà ºn papel si no se est de acuerdo con lo que dice, aunque se entienda. En estos casos esperar por el abogado. Una vez que se firma es muy difà ­cil dar marcha atrs. NO importa lo mucho que insistan. Si no se quiere firmar o no se entiende, no se firma. Muy importante Jams dar o enseà ±ar a la Policà ­a un documento falso. Jams decir que se es ciudadano americano si es una mentira. Esto es muy grave. Permanece callado, si asà ­ se desea. Pero no mentir, si se habla. Si la policà ­a lo para a uno, permanecer siempre en calma. Jams mostrarse violento, muy nervioso, hacer movimientos extraà ±os o salir huyendo, esto à ºltimo es considerado como una violacià ³n migratoria que amerita la deportacià ³n. Saber que existen en las carreteras retenes migratorios internos en algunas partes del paà ­s. A tener en cuenta De los estimados 11 millones de indocumentados presentes en Estados Unidos, aproximadamente menos de cinco podrn beneficiarse de las medidas anunciadas por el presidente Obama que les protege frente a la deportacià ³n. Si crees que puedes calificar para esas medidas, infà ³rmate con abogados u organizaciones de apoyo a inmigrantes que sean reputados. Evita ser và ­ctima de un fraude migratorio y considera reportar los casos que sepas. No  pagues a personas que ofrecen cosas que simplemente no existen o que cobran por sus gestiones cantidades completamente desorbitadas. Y ten presente que por ahora DAPA y DACA extendido no se estn aplicando. Y si recibes una carta para presentarte en Corte es el momento de buscar abogado. Tener presente que puede haber una demora grande en los casos en las Cortes migratorias. De interà ©s En algunos estados, como por ejemplo Nueva York o California, algunos indocumentados podrà ­an ser considerados PRUCOL. En estos casos, tendrà ­an derecho a algunos beneficios sociales de los que generalmente los indocumentados estn excluidos. Y es que hay importantes diferencias entre estados en lo que afecta a indocumentados: unos son muy estrictos y otros han pasado medidas para hacerles la vida un poco menos difà ­cil. Finalmente, la presidencia de Donald Trump est teniendo un  gran impacto en las comunidades migrantes. Esos son 9 asuntos migratorios sobre los que ya se ha pronunciado y conviene estar familiarizados. Adems, conviene saber cules son las 7 nuevas prioridades de deportacià ³n, segà ºn orden ejecutiva de enero de 2017. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The National Fire Academy and CDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The National Fire Academy and CDP - Essay Example The institution also encompasses training programs that aid FEMA and DHS in prevention, mitigation and preparedness for fire and other emergency services (Giustina, 2014). Other institutions are incapacitated to offer such services, owing to their costs and audience inabilities. Individuals with substantial involvement in fire and prevention and control, emergency medical services, and other fire management-related courses are qualified to apply for various courses within the institution. Firefighting career is a tough profession, and individuals need to sacrifice themselves in order to fit in this challenging career. Initially, individuals could such climb careers through training and experience. However, as the world improves in aspects such as technology and other fields, individuals in the fire fighting profession ought to better their knowledge through rigorous training programs. Most individuals currently advance to degree levels of education. National Fire Academy offers management-training programs and they ought to select eligible candidates for such professions carefully. The institution should select individuals that have completed the basic training program for fire and other related emergencies’ preparedness, prevention and response. This will enhance improving their knowledge on fire and disaster management, hence placing them in a better position for response in case of fire and other related disasters (Giustina, 2014). Additionally, these individuals will have background information of their training prior to the management training. The Center for Domestic Preparedness is another institute under FEMA, tasked with the responsibility of training individuals for preparedness and response to disasters that result from weapons of mass destruction, (WDM) ( Burke, 2006). The institute offers its training through

Business Strategy Briefing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Strategy Briefing Paper - Essay Example 2012-2013. Moreover, it has also been recognised that the company has over 11,500 branches located in the UK market (Royal Mail Group Limited, 2014). In order to determine the competitive position of Royal Mail, it will be vital to apply ‘Porter’s Five Force Model’. The elements of this model are aligned with the various factors related to the company and are described below: Royal Mail relies on its special deliverance system with the aim of providing quality services to its customers. In this regard, it has been determined that approximately 18,000 vehicles assist the company to produce designated postal services across the world. Thus, it can be asserted that the bargaining power of its supplier is high (Royal Mail Group Limited, 2014; Karagiannopoulos et. al., 2005). The bargaining power of buyers is rising within the industry in which Royal Mail operates its operations in the UK market. Correspondingly, it has been recognised that the present customers of the company have become more of service quality conscious and time sensitive, which has enforced the company to reduce its rate of delay or accidents in the UK market. Thus, it can be asserted that the bargaining power of its consumers is relatively high within the industry (Royal Mail Group, 2013; Karagiannopoulos et. al., 2005). A diagram is depicted below for better comprehension of the above stated concept. In order to identify the competitive rivalry, it has been observed that Royal Mail has witnessed higher threats from its competitors, due to the private courier service providers in the UK. Subsequently, it has been recognised that Royal Mail has emphasised towards quality services in order to attain competitive advantage over its competitors. Thus, the level of competitive rivalry can be identified to be high (Karagiannopoulos et. al., 2005). With respect to the threat of substitute, the company has faced severe challenges from other industries such as telecom and

Conceptual Theoretical paper-Nursing theory Term Paper

Conceptual Theoretical -Nursing theory - Term Paper Example 2). By being an art, nurses are substantially encouraged to be practically creative and resourceful in delivering services that are efficient and effective. At the same time, it is a science for nursing practice should be anchored on theoretical and conceptual bodies of clinical knowledge in ensuring that every action promotes safety and enhancement of patients’ health. The patients’ overall well-being should be at the central of nursing. In line with this, nurses need to relate professional knowledge into clinical practice, through theoretical and conceptual frameworks bridges, dynamically linking care between health personnel and care recipients, in consideration with environmental factors. The body of knowledge in nursing had been divided into several categories to distinguish bulks of nursing concepts constructed. Fawcett (1995 as cited in Timmins, 2005) identified hierarchical structure in nursing knowledge, where different levels are interconnected in clinical fie lds: â€Å"(1) metaparadigm (2) philosophy (3) theory (4) conceptual models.† Metaparadigms are quite broad in context, which translate clinical values indicated in constructed philosophies, while theories are more specific in experiential nursing fields. Fawcett (1994 as cited in Masters, 2005) added that conceptual models, being the last, pertain to sets of nursing abstracts and propositions that are meaningfully integrated for valid reference in nursing disciplines. One of the fundamental bases in modern nursing profession is the theory created by Florence Nightingale. Her philosophical concepts are simple in construct, though, it primarily stabilized how nurses act in deference to patient interaction. In her environmental model for nurses, Nightingale proposed that elements observed in environment can have a significant impact on patients’ health conditions (Butts & Rich, 2010). The model substantially linked three important entities together: the patient, nurses, and their environment. Her meta paradigm in Figure 1 (please see Appendix A), showed these three factors that may influence outcomes in health, where emphasis can be made on the nature present in the environment that can be manipulated, such as conditions in light and temperature, nutritional intake, hygienic provisions, and emotional support as essential in providing dynamic nursing services (Masters, 2005). At this point, health promotion and disease prevention seemed at the heart of Nightingale’s environmental model, as largely observed in current priorities in modern day nursing practice. On the basis of Nightingale’s philosophical proposition, her conceptions on how to deliver nursing services may be too broad in specific nursing fields, but clinical areas can benefit from environmental modification emphasis in her mode. As affirmed by Alligood and Marriner-Tomey (2006), nursing models bridge the gap between professional knowledge and practices, as its communicati ve quality translates knowledge base into clinical actions. In application, the said metaparadigm can be generated in preventing hospital-acquired bacterial transmission in urinary tract infection (UTI). According to several reports, hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections compose almost 40% of cases, where majority (80%) had been contracted during â€Å"indwelling urethral catheter use† (Nicolle, 2007, p. 251). The alarming rate of infection transmission from health care providers to care recipients

Direct to consumer advertising

Direct to consumer advertising DTCA of prescription drugs has increased enormously over the past decade in the United States and New Zealand, the 2 countries where it is legal. In 2005, more than $4.2 billion (US) was spent on DTCA in the United States, and Americans spent an average of 16 hours watching televised drug advertisements-far more time than they spent with family doctors. Mintzes (2009) Whereas advertising for non-prescription pharmaceuticals has been directed to consumers for decades, direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising for prescription drugs is a relatively recent phenomenon. Regulation of pharmaceutical advertising varies significantly around the globe. Diehl et al (2008) Currently, direct-to-consumer advertising is only allowed in the US and New Zealand, but is banned throughout Europe and the rest of the world. Diehl et al (2008) Despite the ban, a number of pharmaceutical companies have already begun to conduct consumer-targeted campaigns in the EU, which comply with current restrictions (Hone Benson 2004). Like KSA Diehl et al (2008) In the next part, I will start with academic review of marketing communication tools and advertising in general. 2.2 Marketing Communications tools Marketing Communication Marketing communications as defined by Kotler (2007) are the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers directly or indirectly about the products and brands that they sell. They are considered the voice of the brand and by which the companies can build a relationship with customers. Marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication, and according to Kotler (2007) it can be classified to mass or personal communications. Mass communications are advertising, public relation and publicity, events, and sales promotion. While, personal communications are personal selling and direct marketing. In this paper, I will focus on advertising, public relations and publicity, and direct marketing. 2.2.1 Personal Selling Personal selling is a face to face interaction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions, and procuring orders. For example, sales presentation, sales meeting, and samples. 2.2.2 Direct Selling Direct marketing is the use of consumer-direct channels to reach and deliver goods and services to customer without using marketing middlemen. These channels include catalogs, mailing, telemarketing, TV shopping, e-mail, or internet to communicate directly with customers. 2.2.3 Sales Promotion Sales promotion is a variety of short term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a product or service. For example, coupons, lotteries and gifts. On the contrary, sales promotion is the appropriate tool, if the intention is to deliver quicker results, thus, it could be thought of as a short term incentive to stimulate sales (Sandhusen, 2008), however, despite the fact that it has taken over advertising in recent years, if used more frequently it may has a damaging impact on the brand being promoted. 2.2.4 Events Events and experiences are company sponsored activities and programs designed to create daily or special brand related interactions. For example, sports, festivals, arts, factory tours, and company museum. These marketing communications must be integrated to deliver a consistent message and achieve the strategic positioning. 2.2.5 Public Relations and Publicity Public relation and publicity is a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a company image or its individual products. For example, press kits, speeches, seminars, annual reports, charitable donations, publications, community relations, lobbying, identity media, and company magazine. Public relations carries identical definition as that for advertising except for the part of being paid by the company, and on the contrary, public relation has a distinctive quality over advertising, which is being perceived as more credible (Sandhusen, 2008). The appeal of public relations is based on three distinctive qualities; high credibility than ads, ability to catch buyers off guard who prefer to avoid salespeople and advertisements, and the potential for dramatizing a company or a product. Many companies are turning to marketing public relations (MPR) to support corporate or product promotion and image making. The old name of MPR was publicity, which was seen as the task of securing editorial space as opposed to paid spaces in print and broadcast media to promote a product, service, idea, place, person, or organization. MPR goes beyond simple publicity and plays an important role in assisting in the launch of new products, assisting in repositioning of a mature product, building interest in a product category, influencing specific target groups, defending products that have encountered public problems, and building the corporate image in the way that reflects favourably on its products. 2.2.6 Advertising Advertising as claimed by Pickton Broderick (2006) is considered as the senior element of the marketing communications mix which defined as the use of paid mass media, by an identified sponsor, to deliver marketing communications to target audiences to persuade or influence an audience. Whereas media is considered as the carriers of message that it should include TV, radio, press, posters, direct mail and the internet. Advertising according to the media and the purpose can be classified into many types. For example, based on the type of media there are many types of advertisement like television ads, press and magazine advertisements, posters, radio, internet and out of home advertising which includes billboards, transit, street furniture, and alternative outdoor like cinema advertising, stadium advertising, and airport advertising (Wilson, et al., 2008). In addition to the previous classification, Eldridge (1958) argued that according to the purpose of the advertising there are three different kinds. The first one is the immediate action advertising like that of retail food advertising, special deals and coupon offers that push customers to take immediate actions. Whereas the second category is the awareness advertising like the announcements of a new product or model. As an example of this category is that of direct-to-consumer advertising of the pharmaceutical products, especially See your doctor campaigns that increase public awareness for new products or even refreshing the customer memory toward old product. Finally, the third category is the creation or change of an image advertising which is considered the most difficult category to be measured. For example, campaigns that made by oil companies to improve their images as environment pollutants through increasing their social responsibilities. There is some confusion between advertising, direct marketing, and public relation. (Tamer) Advertising has a lot of advantages. As mentioned in Leicester (2009) it can reach mass audiences through media and press. In addition it is able to reach mass audiences selectively like advertising in specialized magazines. Moreover, it has low unit cost, efficient and effective at reaching large audiences. In addition to the previous advantages, as claimed by Eechambadi and Naras V. (1994), it is expected to change perceptions, maintain awareness, reinforce brand loyalty, encourage switching, or influence frequency of purchase. After showing the different types and advantages of advertising in the next part I will present how advertising works. As mentioned by Miller, et al., (1998) over the past several decades most advertisers and academics believed that advertising primarily worked by changing consumer attitudes toward a brand through the (Awareness, Interest, Desire Action) AIDA model. This simple model says that awareness of a brand precedes interest, which in turn precedes desire and action. Thus, awareness plays a role in this theory, it is primarily a gatekeeper. However, Pickton Broderick (2006) argued that, advertising works through three ways. The first way considers the concepts of advertising as a strong or a weak force. Advertising seen as a strong force suggests that it has a direct and positive impact on sales through persuading people to buy, creating and building brands, differentiating between brands and increasing sales. While those see advertising as a weak force suggests that advertising works through maintaining brand values and defending market share, so its effect on sales is therefore less direct. A second way considers the concept of salience which is the sum total of brand attributes, not any single element, that creates a positive attitude towards the brand. The goal is not so much how well your brand is regarded, but how many consumers regard your brand well. In this way, brand shares are maintained. The third approach is a simple causal hierarchy of effects that claimed by Vakratsas and Ambler (1999) which is little changed in its essentials from the AIDA model. In this approach, consumers change their minds about a product, then they change their attitude, and then they act. In other words, the process begins with cognition, which translates to affect, which then translates to behaviour. The purpose of advertising in that model is primarily to drive trial by inserting the brand into the consumers head and keeping it there. To increase the advertising effectiveness, it is better to use advertising in more than one media to gain the advantages of each one. For example, the most effective see your doctor campaigns usually use more than one media, like TV, radio, posters, flyers and internet. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3 Overview of DTCA . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3.1. Definition of DTCA . Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) is the promotion of prescription drugs through newspaper, magazine, television and internet marketing. Drug companies also produce a range of other materials, including brochures and videos, that are available in doctors offices or designed to be given to patients by medical professionals or via patient groups. Vann(2010) The only two developed countries where DTCA is currently legal are the U.S. and New Zealand. While banned elsewhere, the drug industry is mounting major lobbying campaigns to have DTCA allowed in Europe and Canada. Vann(2010) DTCA advertising is just one strand in the marketing and PR efforts of drug companies to promote brand-name prescription drugs. Some aimed at potential consumers are video news releases for use in television news bulletins and programs. Vann(2010) Prescription drug advertising is very different from any other type of product advertising in that the product cannot be purchased without the cooperation of others (doctor, pharmacist, insurer, health maintenance organisations, etc.) and thus the purpose of advertising is different from most other product advertising. Becker et al, (2005) The advertisers want consumers to do one of the following; seek more information, talk to a doctor about the drug, talk to a pharmacist about the drug and tell family and friends about the drug. Basically, what consumers are expected to do after viewing prescription drug ads is to seek information and talk to others. Becker et al, (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3.2. A History of DTCA . The idea of DTCA started in the early 1980s when some of pharmaceutical companies decided to find a new model of promotion rather than the traditional one that rely on promotion for physician. They started firstly with public relations techniques rather than paid advertising as mentioned by Donohue and Julie (2006). From the 1950s to the early 1980s, no pharmaceutical companies were running product-specific ads in the mass media. Then, two product marketing campaigns broke with tradition and pursued a marketing strategy that depended on consumers taking a more active role in prescribing decisions. In 1981, Boots pharmaceuticals used print and television ads to promote Rufen, a prescription pain reliever. The marketing strategy was to position Rufen as a cheaper alternative to the leading brand. Donohue and Julie (2006) In the early 1980s most pharmaceutical companies avoided DTCA of prescription drugs, according to a survey conducted in 1984 of pharmaceutical marketing executives. Pharmaceutical executives argued that DTCA would hurt the doctor-patient relationship, confuse an unsophisticated public, and lead to higher drug costs. Donohue and Julie (2006) The increased use of DTCA in the early 1990s may have been related to the introduction of lifestyle drugs for which no market yet existed like hair restoration products or those requiring consumers to self-identify, either because physicians feel uncomfortable discussing the product like drugs that treat erectile dysfunction. Donohue and Julie (2006) In 1997, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) relaxed its rules on mass media advertising for prescription drugs. This action made it easier for pharmaceutical companies to promote their products in 30- or 60-second TV ads without giving detailed medical information on the indications, potential side effects, or proper use. Findlay and Steven (2002) Pharmaceutical firms, which in 1984 had feared the impact of DTCA on the doctor-patient relationship, now argued that prescription drug advertising empowered consumers. The president of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America stated, Direct-to-consumer advertising is an excellent way to meet the growing demand for medical information, empowering consumers by educating them about health conditions and possible treatments. Donohue and Julie (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3.3. Why pharmaceutical companies might use DTCA?. There are several factors in the prescription drug industry that might induce manufacturers to advertise directly to consumers. In general, certain characteristics of the market, the disease to be treated, the stage of the product life cycle (PLC) and the drug treatment itself. Sheffet et al, (1990) As the size of the potential market increases, so does the probability that manufacturers will advertise to medical professionals and consumers, because the larger the potential market for a drug treatment, the lower the cost per treatment to advertise. For example, the current broadcasting and print media advertising for ulcer treatments is aimed at a large potential market. In the case of a drug to treat a disease that afflicts far fewer people (e.g., hemophilia), it is unlikely that DTC advertising would be used because of the high cost of reaching the relatively small number of people in that market. Sheffet et al, (1990) The stage of the PLC will also influence the likelihood that a firm will participate in DTC advertising. In a mature product category, a function of advertising is to allow a firm to differentiate its product from competing brands. Early in the PLC, advertising is more likely to increase the relative size of the total market. A unique characteristic of the prescription drug industry is that the stages of the PLC are significantly dictated by the patent structure. A firm whose brand is protected by a patent has a greater incentive to increase the total market size than a firm whose product is competing in a stable, mature market. Sheffet et al, (1990) The nature of the disease and the frequency of treatment will also affect the attractiveness of DTC advertising for a particular drug. For example, a disease that requires constant long-term medication (e.g., Dilantin for epilepsy), will have the same patient population in the market for years. Sheffet et al, (1990) 2.4 The role of DTC advertising in the healthcare system.. 2.4.1 push/pull strategic mix:.. The introduction of DTC advertising brought the consumer into the brand stimulation equation, eroding some of the physicians market control and giving prescription drug manufacturers more control of the marketplace. Where once the manufacturer was at the total mercy of the physician, DTC advertising put the prescription drug manufacturer in a position to exert some influence in the patient-doctor relationship. Becker et al, (2005) pharmaceutical industry has traditionally used a push strategy to promote their products but report that there has been a break from this traditional push strategy to a more aggressive pull strategy. Parker et al, (2003) Therefore, pharmaceutical companies advertising shifted from a push promotion strategy to a combination of a push/pull strategic mix. Becker et al, (2005) 2.4.2 Doctor-Patient Relationship. During the past two decades, there has been an irreversible change in the nature of the doctor-patient relationship. Patients are seeking much more medical information and are actively participating in decisions affecting their health. Wolfe (2002) in terms of the impacts on doctor-patient relationships, on the positive side, Peyrot, Alperstein, Van Doren, and Poli (1998) found that media exposure and awareness of DTCA appeared to be associated with higher consumer drug knowledge and greater levels of discussion with physicians regarding treatment, this leading to strengthening of the relationship between doctor and patients (Bonaccorso and Sturchio, 2002). Reast et al, (2008) Conversely, Mechanic (1996), in line with prior research by Perri and Nelson (1987), took the position that the relationship between doctor and patient would be undermined by the increasing consumerization of the doctor-patient relationship, and various studies have pointed to potential conflicts in the relationship between doctor and patient, with undue pressure on doctors to prescribe advertised drugs (Foley and Gross, 2000; Mintzes et al, 2002; Prince, 2003), and patients considering switching doctors if specific drug requests are denied (Kravitz, 2000). Reast et al, (2008) The irritation felt by many physicians when patients approach them after seeing a direct-to-consumer advertisement may derive from the fact that such advertisements, with their powerful, emotion-arousing images and frequently unbalanced information on safety and effectiveness, mislead patients into believing that drugs are better than they actually are. Wolfe (2002) This puts physicians in a quandary, facing 3 conflicting ethical obligations. First, physicians aim to do no harm. Second, physicians seek to maintain and develop a strong doctor-patient relationship because it enhances future care and health outcomes, in addition to patient satisfaction. Third, physicians have a duty to ensure fair allocation of health care resources and avoid wasteful expenditure. Murray et al, (2003) We found that physicians find responding to inappropriate requests time-consuming and that they often seem to acquiesce to such requests as long as the patient is not harmed. Furthermore, more doctors perceive the effect on the relationship as beneficial than harmful, but this is dependent on physicians doing what the patient wants. Murray et al, (2003) DTCA can have good and bad effects on quality of care, the doctor-patient relationship, and health service utilization. The benefits might be maximized, and the harms minimized, by increasing the accuracy of information in advertisements; enhancing physicians communication and negotiation skills; and encouraging patients to respect physicians clinical expertise. Murray et al, (2003) 2.4.3 Do Ads Really Drive Pharmaceutical Sales?. The reviewed research finds that DTCA leads to increased demand for the advertised drug. Atherly and Rubin (2009) Evidence suggests that direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs increases pharmaceutical sales and helps to avert underuse of medicines and leads to potential overuse. Donohue, Cevasco and Rosenthal (2007) 2.5 Overview of the global doctors` attitude toward DTCA Increasingly consistent US, New Zealand and UK medical opinion While a USA study prior to the boom in DTCA had found that physicians were broadly supportive of advertising to consumers (Petroshius et al. 1995), more recent evidence with very few contradictions now suggests that many USA physicians are unhappy with DTCA (Reast et al., 2004). The picture within New Zealand, on balance, cautiously supported the continuation of DTC advertising (Reast et al., 2004). UK physicians also as mentioned by Reast et al., (2004) opposed to the introduction of DTCA, which they feel is unethical, and is likely to have various negative impacts. Concern was expressed about DTCA causing damage to physicians` relationship with pharmaceutical companies, and perhaps more importantly, damage to their relationship with patients (Reast et al., 2004). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.1 The USA Situation Medical opinion towards DTC within the USA, having apparently been quite supportive prior to the rapid expansion of DTC in the mid- 1990s (Petroshius et al. 1995), appears now to be hardening. A US study, published in the Journal of Family Practice in 1997, found that 80% of surveyed members of the American Academy of Family Physicians believed that DTC was not a good idea and 84% expressed negative feelings about television DTC advertising (Mitka 2003). In contrast, the FDA study, a survey of 500 general practitioners (GPs) and hospital doctors, found a much more positive view of DTC advertising, whereby 37% said the overall impact of DTC advertising on their patients and practice had a somewhat positive effect, 28% said that there was no effect at all, and 27% said that DTC advertising had a somewhat negative effect. Only 3% felt it had a very positive effect and 5% said it had a very negative effect (Thomaselli 2003). Reast et al, (2004) There have been a substantial number of published studies on DTCA in the USA. These include a Harvard Medical School report by Weissman et al. (2004). This national study of 643 physicians on events where patients discussed advertised drugs found both positive and negative effects on patients and physician practices. Positive effects were: improved communication (67%), patient education (70%) and improved compliance (46%). Negative effects included: patients led to seek unnecessary treatments (80%) and a perceived lack of balance in risk/benefits (80%). Auton and Frank (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.2 The New Zealand and Australia Situation In New Zealand also, opposition to DTC remains high among physicians, with recent high-profile reports from New Zealands top medical schools condemning the practice (Scrip 2003). Reast et al, (2004) Despite this, a review of physician opinion conducted by the New Zealand Ministry of Health in 2001 (Hoek Gendall 2002) found that doctors` groups acknowledged both the benefits and issues associated with DTC advertising. A qualitative research study conducted in New Zealand by Maubach and Hoek (2005) suggests that doctors views are complex. Doctors were found to have serious concerns about DTCA but also saw some benefits from it. Respondents viewed favourably DTCAs ability to increase awareness of certain medical conditions. However, there were concerns about the poor level of information provided and many doctors spent time dispelling incorrect patient perceptions. There was also concern that risk information was not felt to be balanced. The majority did not support a ban on DTCA but nearly all considered that stricter regulation was required. Auton and Frank (2006) A study of attitudes towards DTCA in Australia by Miller and Waller (2004) found that four factors were important: information, quality, credibility and price. Auton and Frank (2006) DTCA is banned in Australia but the pharmaceutical industry is still lobbying to have the ban lifted, despite the strong opposition of doctors and consumer groups. Auton and Frank (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.3 The European Situation .. There is little published quantitative research concerning the attitudes towards DTC of European health professionals, but Reast and Carson (2000) conducted a rare survey into UK physician opinion towards DTC soon after the start of generic see your doctor campaigns in Europe, in 1999. The exploratory study of 68 GPs and hospital doctors, a partial replication of the USA study by Petroshius et al. (1995), found UK physicians highly opposed to the concept and likely impacts of DTC advertising, 62% disagreeing with the ethics of DTC advertising, and 72% opposing the introduction of DTC advertising in Europe. Seeing certain benefits of a limited introduction of DTC communication, the European Commission presented plans to the European Parliament in November 2002, allowing further information on three chronic disease conditions (Aids, diabetes, and asthma) to pass directly to consumers. While the European Commission plans were rejected, educational see your doctor campaigns, carrying the manufacturers name and logo, but not the product brand name, are still allowed. Reast et al, (2004) In the UK disease-awareness campaigns are being mounted by pharmaceutical companies in conjunction with patient organisations through sponsorship and grants which recognises UK and EU law prohibiting pharmaceutical companies undertaking activity which is deemed to be promoting a prescription-only medicine to the public. Auton and Frank (2006) Pfizer launched a  £30 million Europe-wide male impotence disease-awareness campaign, including sponsorship of a St Valentine.s Day radio and press campaign, in conjunction with the Impotence Association. Reast et al, (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.4 The Middle East Situation .. Actually, after a lot of research, I did not find any articles talk about DTCA in Middle East. DTCA is banned in Australia but the pharmaceutical industry is still lobbying to have the ban lifted, despite the strong opposition of doctors and consumer groups. Auton and Frank (2006) There is little published quantitative research concerning the attitudes towards DTC of European health professionals, but Reast and Carson (2000) conducted a rare survey into UK physician opinion towards DTC soon after the start of generic see your doctor campaigns in Europe, in 1999. 2.6 Critical views of doctors attitudes towards DTCA . Recent surveys of physicians indicate that even though many still oppose the practice of DTCA in general, they also point to some positive effects. Donohue and Julie (2006) 2.6.1 Why DTCA is viewed as positive by doctors? . Supporters claim that DTC advertising has an educational value. It may cause consumers to seek advice on diseases or problems that have been previously undiagnosed, thus creating a more informed consumer (Parker et al, 2003). In addition, it can play an important role in improving healthcare by giving consumers the information they need to discuss medical symptoms and treatment options with their doctors. Becker et al, (2005) Moreover, DTCA is necessary to provide pharmaceutical firms with an incentive to develop prescription drugs to treat new ailments, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), or more effective treatments for established ailments and conditions. Research and development costs are high, but pharmaceutical firms have only a limited amount of time in which their prescription drugs are patent-protected. As regulatory approval times have lengthened, the amount of time that pharmaceutical firms have to recoup their research and development costs before being faced with competition from generic versions of their drugs has decreased (Meek 2001). Therefore, pharmaceutical firms believe that creating consumer awareness of patent-protected prescription drugs is the quickest way to increase sales. Main et al, (2004) Supporters further claim that DTC advertising will lead to improved products and lower prices as pharmaceutical firms compete for consumer patronage in the open market. In this view, more knowledgeable consumers will select the best treatment available; thus, bans on DTC advertising deprive consumers of information needed to make the best choice (Meek 2001). Main et al, (2004) Furthermore, as mentioned by Auton and Frank (2006), a national study of 643 physicians found positive effects were: improved communication (67%), patient education (70%) and improved compliance (46%). Finally, to summarize the benefits of DTCA, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) in 2005 announced approval of new industry guidelines for DTC advertising. The fourteen principles outlined in these guidelines are based on the premise that: DTC advertising of prescription medicines can benefit the public health by increasing awareness about diseases, educating patients about treatment options, motivating patients to contact their physicians and engage in a dialogue about health concerns, increasing the likelihood that patients will receive appropriate care for conditions that are frequently under-diagnosed and under-treated, and encouraging compliance with prescription drug treatment regimens. Royne and Myers (2008) 2.6.2 Why DTCA is viewed as negative by doctors? . Critics of DTC advertising maintain that prescription drugs differ from other products and, therefore, should not be advertised in a similar way to increase consumption. Instead of being sold to increase profits, prescription drugs should be sold only when a doctor believes the medication will be the best way to reduce a patients suffering (Findlay 2001). In addition, DTCA intrudes into the doctor-patient relationship and confuses patients by representing promotional messages as educational (Wolfe 2002). Further, opponents believe that DTC advertising increases demand for more expensive medications and medicalizes normal human experience (Mintzes 2002), rather than providing consumers with information needed to make better health-care decisions. Critics also contend that the increase in patient requests for advertised medications (Peyrot et al. 1998) leads to preference toward branded, advertised prescriptions over more affordable and effective treatments (Dyer 2002; Findlay 2002). Some also argue that such advertising is inappropriate because patients are not in a position to diagnose conditions or judge the relative safety, effectiveness and appropriateness of alternative treatments. This practice can lead to prescription drug misuse and abuse (Becker et al, 2005). In addition, evidence on clinical outcomes is often inadequate when drugs first come on to the market, at times leading to false impressions. COX 2 inhibitors (Vioxx), for example, were widely believed to be safer than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatories when first launched. An assessment of the full experience of serious adverse events in comparative trials suggests the contrary. Mintzes and Barbara (2002)